the origins of contemporary france-5-第51章

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15；　1806；　March　6；　1807；　January　12；　1809；　to　Fouché；　and　of　March　6；

1807；　to　Regnault。）　…Thibaudeau；　〃Mémoires　sur　le　Consulat；〃　P。　178

（Words　of　the　first　consul　before　the　council　of　state）：　　〃True　civil

liberty　depends　on　the　security　of　property。　In　no　country　can　the

rate　of　the　tax…payer　be　changed　every　year。　A　man　with　3000　francs

income　does　not　know　how　much　he　will　have　left　to　live　on　the

following　year；　his　entire　income　may　be　absorbed　by　the　assessment　on

it。　。　。　A　mere　clerk；　with　a　dash　of　his　pen；　may　overcharge　you

thousands　of　francs。。。　Nothing　has　ever　been　done　in　France　in　behalf

of　real　estate。　Whoever　has　a　good　law　passed　on　the　cadastre

（official　valuation　of　all　the　land　in　France）　will　deserve　a　statue。〃



＇25＇　Honoré　Pérouse；　Ibid；　274　（Speech　of　Napoleon　to　the　council　of

state　on　the　law　on　mines）：〃　〃Myself；　with　many　armies　at　my

disposition；　I　could　not　take　possession　of　any　one's　field；　for　the

violation　of　the　right　of　property　in　one　case　would　be　violating　it

in　all。　The　secret　is　to　have　mines　become　actual　property；　and　hence

sacred　in　fact　and　by　law。〃　…　Ibid。；　279：〃　〃What　is　the　right　of

property？　It　is　not　only　the　right　of　using　but；　again；　of　abusing　it。

。　。　。　One　must　always　keep　in　mind　the　advantage　of　owning　property。

The　best　protection　to　the　owner　of　property　is　the　interest　of　the

individual；　one　may　always　rely　on　his　activity。　。　。　。　A　government

makes　a　great　mistake　in　trying　to　be　too　paternal；　liberty　and

property　are　both　ruined　by　over…solicitude。〃　…〃If　the　government

prescribes　the　way　in　which　property　shall　be　used　it　no　longer

exists。〃。　…　Ibid。；　284　（Letters　of　Aug。21　and　Sept。　7；　1809；　on

expropriations　by　public　authority）：　〃It　is　indispensable　that　the

courts　should　supervise；　stop　expropriation；　receive　complaints　of　and

guarantee　property…owners　against　the　enterprises　of　our　prefects；　our

prefecture　councils　and　all　other　agents。　。　。　。　Expropriation　is　a

judicial　proceeding。。　。　。　I　cannot　conceive　how　France　can　have

proprietors　if　anybody　can　be　deprived　of　his　field　simply　by　an

administrative　decision。〃　…　In　relation　to　the　ownership　of　mines；　to

the　cadastre；　to　expropriation；　and　to　the　portion　of　property　which　a

man　might　bequeath；　Napoleon　was　more　liberal　than　his　jurists。　Madame

de　Sta？l；　〃Dix　années　d'exil；〃　ch。　XVIII。　（Napoleon　conversing　with

the　tribune　Gallois）：　〃Liberty　consists　of　a　good　civil　code；　while

modern　nations　care　for　nothing　but　property。〃　　…　〃Correspondance；〃

letter　to　Fouché；　Jan。　15；　1805。　（This　letter　gives　a　good　summary　of

his　ideas　on　government。）　〃In　France；　whatever　is　not　forbidden　is

allowed；　and　nothing　can　be　forbidden　except　by　the　laws；　by　the

courts；　or　police　measures　in　all　matters　relating　to　public　order　and

morality。〃



＇26＇　Roederer；　〃？uvres　complètes；〃　III。；　339　（Speech　by　the　First

Consul；　October　21；　1800）：　〃Rank；　now；　is　a　recompense　for　every

faithful　service　…　the　great　advantage　of　equality；　which　has

converted　20；000　lieutenancies；　formerly　useless　in　relation　to

emulation；　into　the　legitimate　ambition　and　honorable　reward　of

400；000　soldiers。〃　…　Lafayette；　〃Mémoires；〃　V。；　350：　〃Under　Napoleon；

the　soldiers　said；　he　has　been　promoted　King　of　Naples；　of　Holland；　of

Sweden；　or　of　Spain；　as　formerly　it　was　said　that　a　than　had　been

promoted　sergeant　in　this　or　that　company。〃



＇27＇　〃The　Ancient　Régime；〃　book　I。；　ch　。2；　the　Structure　of　Society；

especially　pp。19…21。　（Laff。　I。　p。　21…22）



＇28＇　Mémorial　de　Sainte…Hélène〃　…　Napoleon；　speaking　of　his　imperial

organization；　said　that　he　had　made　the　most　compact　government；　one

with　the　quickest　circulation　and　the　most　nervous　energy；　that　ever

existed。　And；　he　remarked；　nothing　but　this　would　have　answered　in

overcoming　the　immense　difficulties　around　us；　and　for　effecting　the

wonderful　things　we　accomplished。　The　organization　of　prefectures；

their　action；　their　results；　were　admirable　and　prodigious。　The　same

impulsion　affected　at　the　same　time　more　than　forty　millions　of　men；

and；　aided　by　centers　of　local　activity；　the　action　was　as　rapid　at

every　extremity　as　at　the　heart。〃



＇29＇　〃The　Ancient　Régime；〃　book　III。；　chs。　2　and　3。　（Laff。　I；　pp。　139

to　151　and　pp。　153　to　172。）



＇30＇　Gibbon；　〃Decline　and　Fall　of　the　Roman　Empire；〃　chs。　I；　2；　3；　and

13。　…　Duruy；　Histoire　des　Romains〃　（illustrated　edition）；　tenth

period；　chs。　82；　83；　84；　and　85；　twelfth　period；　chs。　95　and　99；

fourteenth　period；　ch。　104。　…　（The　reader　will　find　in　these　two

excellent　works　the　texts　and　monuments　indicated　to　which　it　is

necessary　to　resort　for　a　direct　and　satisfactory　impression。）



＇31＇　See　in　Plutarch　（Principles　of　Political　Government）　the

situation　of　a　Greek　city　under　the　Antonines。



＇32＇　Gibbon；　ch。　10。　…　Duruy；　ch。　95。　（Decrease　of　the　population　of

Alexandria　under　Gallien；　according　to　the　registers　of　the　alimentary

institution；　letter　of　the　bishop　Dionysius。）



＇33＇　〃Digest；〃　I。；　4；　I。：　〃Quod　principi　placuit　legis　habet　vigorem；

utpote；　cum　lege　regia；　qu？　de　imperio　ejus　lata　est；　populus　ei　et　in

eum　omne　suum　imperium　et　potestatem　conferat。　Quodcumque　igitur

imperator　per　epistolam　et　subscriptionem　statuit；　vel　cognoscens

decrevit；　vel　de　plano　interlocutus　est；　vel　edicto　pr？cepit；　legis

habet　vigorem。〃　（Extracts　from　Ulpian。）　…　Gaius；　Institutes；　I。；　5：

〃Quod　imperator　constituit；　non　dubium　est　quin　id　vicem　legis

obtineat；　quum　ipse　imperator　per　legem　imperium　obtineat。〃



＇34＇　　〃Digest；〃　I；　2。　（Extracts　from　Ulpian）：　〃Jus　est　a　justitia

appellatum；　nam；　ut　eleganter　Celsus　definit；　jus　est　ars　boni　et

？qui。　Cujus　merito　quis　nos　sacerdotes　appellat：　justitiam　namque

colimus；　et　boni　et　？qui　notitiam　profitemur；　？quum　ab　iniquo

separantes；　licitum　ab　illicito　discernentes；　。　。　。　veram；　nisi

fallor；　philosophiam；　non　simulatam　affectantes。　。　。　。　Juris　pr？cepta

sunt　h？c：　honeste　vivere；　alterum　non　1？dere；　suum　cuique　tribuere。〃　…

cf。　Duruy；　12th　period；　ch。　87。



＇35＇　Cf。；　on　this　immemorial　principle　of　the　entire　body　of　Roman

public　law；　cf。　Fustel　de　Coulanges；　〃Histoire　des　institutions

politiques　et　privées　de　l'ancienne　France；〃　vol。　I。；　book　II。；　ch。　I；

p。66　and　following　pages。



＇36＇　Read　the　〃Notitia　dignitatum　tam　civilium　quam　militarium　in

partibus　orientis　et　occidentis。〃　It　is　the　imperial　almanac　for　the

beginning　of　the　fifth　century。　There　are　eleven　ministers　at　the

centre；　each　with　his　bureaux；　divisions；　subdivisions　and　squads　of

superposed　functionaries；



＇37＇　Cf。　Piranesi's　engravings。



38　Cf。；　among　other　clues　see　Dante's：　〃De　Monarchia〃。



＇39＇　We　can　trace　in　Napoleon's　brain　and　date　the　formation　of　this

leading　idea。　At　first；　it　is　simply　a　classic　reminiscence；　as　with

his　contemporaries；　but　suddenly　it　takes　a　turn　and　has　an

environment　in　his　mind　which　is　lacking　in　theirs；　and　which　prevents

the　idea　from　remaining　a　purely　literary　phrase。　From　the　beginning

he　speaks　of　Rome　in　the　fashion　of　a　Rienzi。　（Proclamation　of　May　20；

1796。）　〃We　are　the　friends　of　every　people；　and　especially　of　the

Brutuses；　the　Scipios；　and　of　the　great　men　whom　we　have　chosen　as

models。　　To　re…establish　the　Capitol；　to　place　there　with　honor　the

statues　of　heroes　who　render　it　famous；　to　arouse　the　Roman　people

benumbed　by　centuries　of　slavery；　such　will　be　the　fruit　of　our

victories。〃　…　Fifteen　months　afterwards；　on　becoming　master　of　Italy；

his　historic　meditations　turn　into　positive　ambition　henceforth；　the

possession　of　Italy　and　of　the　Mediterranean　is　to　be　with　him　a

central　and　preponderant　idea。　（Letter　to　the　Directory；　Aug。　16；

1797；　and　correspondence　on　the　subject　of　Corsica；　Sardinia；　Naples；

and　Genoa；　letters　to　the　pasha　of　Scutari；　to　the　Maniotes；　etc。）

〃The　islands　of　Corfu；　Zante；　and　Cephalonia　are　of　more　interest　to

us　than　all　Italy　put　together。　。　。　。　The　Turkish　empire　is　daily

tottering；　the　possessi