the origins of contemporary france-5-第50章

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sous　les　premiers　Capétiens；〃　I。；　28；　46。　（Texts　of　Henry　I。；　Philip

I。；　Louis　VI。；　and　Louis　VII。）　〃A　divine　minister。〃　…　（Kings　are）

〃servants　of　the　kingdom　of　God。〃　…　〃Gird　on　the　ecclesiastical　sword

for　the　punishment　of　the　wicked。〃　…　〃　Kings　and　priests　alone；　by

ecclesiastical　ordination；　are　made　sacred　by　the　anointing　of　holy

oils。〃



＇12＇　〃The　Revolution；〃　III。；　p。94。　（Laffont　II；　p。　75）



＇13＇　Janssen；　〃L'Allemagne　à　la　fin　du　moyen　age　〃　（French

translation）；　I。；　457。　（On　the　introduction　of　Roman　law　into

Germany。）　…　Declaration　of　the　jurists　at　the　Diet　of　Roncaglia：　〃Quod

principi　placuit；　legis　habet　vigorem。〃　…　Edict　of　Frederick　I。；　1165：

〃Vestigia　praedecessorum　suorum；　divorum　imperatorum；　magni

Constantini　scilicet　et　Justiniani　et　Valentini；　。　。　。　sacras　eorum

leges；　。　。　。　divina　oracula。　。　。　。　Quodcumque　imperator　constituerit；

vel　cognoscens　decreverit；　vel　edicto　praeceperit；　legem　esse

constat。〃　…　Frederick　II。：　〃Princeps　legibus　solutus　est。〃　…　Louis　of

Bavaria：　〃Nos　qui　sumus　supra　jus。〃



＇14＇　Guyot；　ibid。；　article　Régales。　〃The　great　'régales；'　majora

regalia；　are　those　which　belong　to　the　King；　jure　singulari　et

proprio；　and　which　are　incommunicable　to　another；　considering　that

they　cannot　be　divorced　from　the　scepter；　being　the　attributes　of

sovereignty；　such　as　。　。　。　the　making　of　laws；　the　interpretation　or

change　of　these；　the　last　appeal　from　the　decisions　of　magistrates；

the　creation　of　offices；　the　declaration　of　war　or　of　peace；　。　。　。　the

coining　of　money；　the　augmentation　of　titles　or　of　values；　the

imposition　of　taxes　on　the　subjects；　。　。　。　the　exemption　of　certain

persons　from　these；　the　award　of　pardon　for　crimes；　。　。　。　the　creation

of　nobles；　the　foundation　of　universities；　。　。　。　the　assembling　of　the

états…généraux　or　provinciaux；　etc。〃　…　Bossuet；　〃Politique　tirée　de

l'écriture　sainte〃：　The　entire　state　exists　in　the　person　of　the

prince。〃　…　Louis　XIV。；　〃？uvres；〃　I。；　50　（to　his　son）：　〃You　should　be

aware　that　kings　can　naturally　dispose　fully　and　freely　of　all

possessions　belonging　as　well　to　persons　of　the　church　as　to　laymen；

to　make　use　of　at　all　times　with　wise　economy；　that　is　to　say；

according　to　the　general　requirements　of　their　government。〃　…　Sorel；

〃L'Europe　et　la　Révolution　fran？aise；〃　I。；　231　（Letter　of　the

〃intendant〃　Foucault）：　〃It　is　an　illusion；　which　cannot　proceed　from

anything　but　blind　preoccupation；　that　of　making　any　distinction

between　obligations　of　conscience　and　the　obedience　which　is　due　to

the　King。〃



＇15＇　〃The　Ancient　Régime；〃　p。9　and　following　pages。　…　〃Correspondance

de　Mirabeau　et　du　Comte　de　le　Marck；〃　II。；　74　（Note　by　Mirabeau；　July

3；　1790）：　〃Previous　to　the　present　revolution；　royal　authority　was

incomplete：　the　king　was　compelled　to　humor　his　nobles；　to　treat　with

the　parliaments；；　to　be　prodigal　of　favors　to　the　court。〃



＇16＇　〃The　Revolution；〃　III。；　p。318。　（Laff。II。　p。　237…238）。　…　〃　The

Ancient　Régime；〃　p。　10　（Laff。　I。　25n。）　Speech　by　the　Chancellor

Séguier；　1775：　〃Our　kings　have　themselves　declared　that　they　are

fortunately　powerless　to　attack　property。〃



＇17＇　Rousseau's　text　in　the　〃Contrat　Social。〃　…　On　the　meaning　and

effect　of　this　principle　cf　〃The　Revolution；〃　I。；　217　and　following

pages；　and　III。；　book　VI。；　ch。　I。　Laff。　182…186　et　II。　47　to　74）。



＇18＇　The　opinion；　or　rather　the　resignation　which　confers　omnipotence

on　the　central　power；　goes　back　to　the　second　half　of　the　fifteenth

century；　after　the　Hundred　Years'　war；　and　is　due　to　that　war；　the

omnipotence　of　the　king　was　then　the　only　refuge　against　the　English

invaders；　and　the　ravages　of　the　écorcheurs。　…　Cf。　Fortescue；　〃In

leges　Angli？；〃　and〃　〃The　Difference　between　an　Absolute　and　a　Limited

Monarchy〃　（end　of　the　fifteenth　century）；　on　the　difference　at　this

date　between　the　English　and　the　French　government。　…　The　same

decision　is　found　in　the　dispatches　of　the　Venetian　ambassadors　of

this　date：　〃In　France　everything　is　based　on　the　will　of　the　king。

Nobody；　whatever　might　be　his　conscientious　scruples；　would　dare

express　an　opinion　opposed　to　his。　The　French　respect　their　king　to

such　an　extent　that　they　would　not　only　sacrifice　their　property　for

him；　but　again　their　souls。〃　（Janssen；　〃L'Allemagne　à　la　fin　du　moyen

age。　I。　484。）　…　As　to　the　passage　of　the　monarchical　to　the　democratic

idea；　we　see　it　plainly　in　the　following　quotations　from　Restif　de　la

Bretonne：　〃I　entertained　no　doubt　that　the　king　could　legally　oblige

any　man　to　give　me　his　wife　or　his　daughter；　and　everybody　in　my

village　（Sacy　in　Burgundy）　thought　so　too。〃　（〃Monsieur　Nicolas；〃　I。；

443。）　…　In　relation　to　the　September　massacres：　〃No；　I　do　not　pity

them；　those　fanatical　priests。　。　。　When　a　community　or　its　majority

wants　anything；　it　is　right。　The　minority　is　always　culpable；　even

when　right　morally。　Common　sense　is　that　is　needed　to　appreciate　that

truth。　It　is　indisputable　that　the　nation　has　the　power　to　sacrifice

even　an　innocent　person。〃　（〃Nuits　de　Paris；〃　XVth；　p。377。）



＇19＇　〃The　Revolution；〃　III。；　393。　（Laff。　II。　p。　291）



＇20＇　〃Contrat　Social；〃　book　1st；　ch。　III。：　〃It　is　accordingly

essential　that；　for　the　enunciation　of　the　general　will；　no　special

organization　should　exist　in　the　State；　and　that　the　opinion　of　each

citizen　should　accord　with　that。　Such　was　the　unique　and　sublime　law

of　the　great　Lycurgus。〃



＇21＇　〃The　Revolution；〃　I。；　170。　（Laff。　I。　433。）



＇22＇　Ibid。；　II。；　93；　III。；　78…82。　（Laff。　I。　p。　632　and　II。　pp。　65…68。）



＇23＇　〃Correspondance　de　Mirabeau　et　du　Comte　de　la　Marck；〃II。；　74

（Letter　of　Mirabeau　to　the　King；　July　3；　1790）：　〃Compare　the　new　state

of　things　with　the　ancient　régime。　。　。　。　One　portion　of　the　acts　of

the　national　assembly　（and　that　the　largest）　is　evidently　favorable　to

monarchical　government。　Is　it　to　have　nothing；　then；　to　have　no

parliaments；　no　provincial　governments；　no　privileged　classes；　no

clerical　bodies；　no　nobility？　The　idea　of　forming　one　body　of　citizens

would　have　pleased　Richelieu：　this　equalized　surface　facilitates　the

exercise　of　power。　Many　years　of　absolute　rule　could　not　have　done　so

much　for　royal　authority　as　this　one　year　of　revolution。〃　…　Sainte…

Beuve；　〃Port…Royal；〃　V。；　25　（M。　Harlay　conversing　with　the　supérieure

of　Port…Royal）：　〃People　are　constantly　talking　about　Port…Royal；　about

these　Port…Royal　gentlemen：　the　King　dislikes　whatever　excites　talk。

Only　lately　he　caused　M。　Arnaud　to　be　informed　that　he　did　not　approve

of　the　meetings　at　his　house；　that　there　is　no　objection　to　his　seeing

all　sorts　of　people　indifferently　like　everybody　else；　but　why　should

certain　persons　always　be　found　in　his　rooms　and　such　an　intimate

association　among　these　gentlemen？　。　。　。　The　King　does　not　want　any

rallying　point；　a　headless　assemblage　in　a　State　is　always

dangerous。〃…　Ibid。；　p。33：　〃The　reputation　of　this　establishment　was

too　great。　People　were　anxious　to　put　their　children　in　it。　Persons　of

rank　sent　theirs　there。　Everybody　expressed　satisfaction　with　it。　This

provided　it　with　friends　who　joined　those　of　the　establishment　and　who

together　formed　a　platoon　against　the　State。　The　King　would　not

consent　to　this：　he　regarded　such　unions　as　dangerous　in　a　State。〃



＇24＇　〃Napoleon　Ire　et　ses　lois　civiles；〃　by　Honoré　Pérouse；　280：　Words

of　Napoleon：　〃I　have　for　a　long　time　given　a　great　deal　of　thought　and

calculation　to　the　re…establishment　of　the　social　edifice。　I　am　to…day

obliged　to　watch　over　the　maintenance　of　public　liberty。　I　have　no

idea　of　the　French　people　becoming　serfs。〃　…〃The　prefects　are　wrong　in

straining　their　authority。〃　…　〃The　repose　and　freedom　of　citizens

should　not　depend　on　the　exaggeration　or　arbitrariness　of　a　mere

administrator。〃　…　〃Let　authority　be　felt　by　the　people　as　little　as

possible　and　not　bear　down　on　them　needlessly。〃　…　（Letters　of　January

15；　1806；　March　6；　1807；　January　12；　1809；　to　Fouché；　and　of　March　6；

1807；　to　Regn