the origins of contemporary france-5-第38章

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terrible　risk；　but　inevitable。　There　is　no　escape　from　anarchy　except

through　despotism；　with　the　chance　of　encountering　in　one　man；　at

first　a　savior　and　then　a　destroyer；　with　the　certainty　of　henceforth

belonging　to　an　unknown　will　fashioned　by　genius　and　good　sense；　or　by

imagination　and　egoism；　in　a　soul　fiery　and　disturbed　by　the

temptations　of　absolute　power；　by　success　and　universal　adulation；　in

a　despot　responsible　to　no　one　but　himself；　in　a　conqueror　condemned

by　the　impulses　of　conquest　to　regard　himself　and　the　world　under　a

light　growing　falser　and　falser。



Such　are　the　bitter　fruits　of　social　dissolution：　the　authority　of　the

state　will　either　perish　or　become　perverted；　each　uses　it　for　his　own

purposes；　and　nobody　is　disposed　to　entrust　it　to　an　external

arbitrator；　and　the　usurpers　who　seize　it　only　remain　trustee　on

condition　that　they　abuse　it；　when　it　works　in　their　hands　it　is　only

to　work　against　its　office。　It　must　be　accepted　when；　for　want　of

better　or　fear　of　worse；　through　a　final　usurpation；　it　falls　into　the

only　hands　able　to　restore　it；　organize　it；　and　apply　it　at　last　to

the　service　of　the　public。

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Notes：



＇1＇　〃The　Revolution；〃　P。193　and　following　pages；　also　p。224　and

following　pages。　The　provisions　of　the　constitution　of　the　year　III；

somewhat　less　anarchical；　are　analogous；　those　of　the　〃Mountain〃

constitution　（year　II）　are　so　anarchical　that　nobody　thought　of

enforcing　them。



＇2＇　〃The　Revolution；〃　vol。　III。；　pp。446；　450；　476。



＇3＇　Sauzay；　〃Histoire　de　la　persecution　révolutionnaire　dans　le

département　du　Doubs；〃　X。；　472　（Speech　of　Briot　to　the　five…hundred；

Aug。29；　1799）：　〃The　country　seeks　in　vain　for　its　children；　it　finds

the　chouans；　the　Jacobins；　the　moderates；　and　the　constitutionalists

of　'91　and　'93；　clubbists；　the　amnestied；　fanatics；　scissionists　and

antiscissionists；　in　vain　does　it　call　for　republicans。〃



＇4＇　〃The　Revolution；〃　III。；　427；　474。　…　Rocquain；　〃L'état　de　la　France

au　18　Brumaire；〃　360；　362：　〃Inertia　or　absence　of　the　national　agents。

。　　。　It　would　be　painful　to　think　that　a　lack　of　salary　was　one　of　the

causes　of　the　difficulty　in　establishing　municipal　administrations。　In

1790；　1791；　and　1792；　we　found　our　fellow…citizens　emulously　striving

after　these　gratuitous　offices　and　even　proud　of　the　disinterestedness

which　the　law　prescribed。〃　（Report　of　the　Directory；　end　of　1795。）

After　this　date　public　spirit　is　extinguished；　stifled　by　the　Reign　of

Terror。　…　Ibid。；　368；　369：　〃Deplorable　indifference　for　public

offices。　。　。　。　Out　of　seven　town　officials　appointed　in　the　commune　of

Laval；　only　one　accepted；　and　that　one　the　least　capable。　It　is　the

same　in　the　other　communes。〃　…　Ibid。；　380　（Report　of　the　year　VII）：

〃General　decline　of　public　spirit。〃　…　Ibid。；　287　（Report　by　Lacuée；　on

the　1st　military　division；　Aisne；　Eure…et…Loire；　Loiret；　Oise；　Seine；

Seine…et…Marne；　（year　IX）：　〃Public　spirit　is　dying　out　and　is　even

gone。〃



＇5＇　Rocquain；　Ibid。；　p。27　（Report　of　Fran？ois　de　Nantes；　on　the　8th

military　division　；Vaucluse；　Bouches…du…Rh？ne；　Var；　Basses…Alpes；　and

Alpes…Maratimes；　year　IX）：　〃Witnesses；　in　some　communes；　did　not　dare

furnish　testimony；　and；　in　all；　the　justices　of　the　peace　were　afraid

of　making　enemies　and　of　not　being　re…elected。　It　was　the　same　with

the　town　officials　charged　with　prosecutions　and　whom　their　quality　as

elected　and　temporary　officials　always　rendered　timid。〃　…　Ibid。；　48：

〃All　the　customs…directors　complained　of　the　partiality　of　the　courts。

I　have　myself　examined　several　cases　in　which　the　courts　of　Marseilles

and　Toulon　decided　against　the　plain　text　the　law　and　with　criminal

partiality。　…　Archives　nationales；　series　F7；　Reports　〃on　the

situation；　on　the　spirit　of　the　public；〃　in　many　hundreds　of　towns；

cantons；　and　departments；　from　the　year　III　to　the　year　VIII　and

after。



＇6＇　Cf。　〃The　Revolution；〃　III。；　book　IX。；　ch。　I。　…　Rocquain；　passim。　…

Schmidt；　〃Tableaux　de　la　Révolution　fran？aise；〃　III。；　parts　9　and　10。

…　Archives　nationales；　F7；　3250　（Letter　of　the　commissioner　of　the

executive　directory；　Fructidor　23；　year　VII）：　〃Armed　mobs　on　the　road

between　Saint…Omer　and　Arras　have　dared　fire　on　the　diligences　and

rescue　from　the　gendarmerie　the　drawn　conscripts。〃　…　Ibid。；　F7；　6565。

Only　on　Seine…inferiure；　of　which　the　following　are　some　of　the

reports　of　the　gendarmerie　for　one　year。　…　Messidor；　year　VII；

seditious　mobs　of　conscripts　and　others　in　the　cantons　of　Motteville

and　Doudeville。　〃What　shows　the　perverted　spirit　of　the　communes　of

Gremonville　and　of　Héronville　is　that　none　of　the　inhabitants　will

make　any　declaration；　while　it　is　impossible　that　they　should　not　have

been　in　the　rebels'　secrets。〃　…　Similar　mobs　in　the　communes　of

Guerville；　Mi1lebose；and　in　the　forest　of　Eu：　〃It　is　stated　that　they

have　leaders；　and　that　drilling　goes　on　under　their　orders。　…

Vendémiarie　27；　year　VIII。）　〃Twenty…five　armed　brigands　or　drafted　men

in　the　cantons　of　Réauté　and　Bolbec　have　put　farmers　to　ransom。〃　…

（Niv？se　12~　year　VIII。）　In　the　canton　of　Cuny　another　band　of　brigands

do　the　same　thing。　…　（Germinal　14；　year　VIII。）　Twelve　brigands　stop

the　diligence　between　Neufchatel　and　Rouen；　a　few　days　after；　the

diligence　between　Rouen　and　Paris　is　stopped　and　three　of　the　escort

are　killed。　…　Analogous　scenes　and　mobs　in　the　other　departments。



＇7＇　〃Souvenirs〃；　by　PASQUIER　（Etienne…Dennis；　duc）；　Librarie　Plon；

Paris　1893。　　I。；　260。　Under　the　Directory；〃　one　day；　in　order　to

dispatch　a　special　courier；　the　receipts　of　the　Opera　had　to　be　taken

because　they　were　in　coin。　Another　day；　it　was　on　the　point　of　sending

every　gold　piece　in　the　musée　of　medals　to　be　melted　down　（worth　in

the　crucible　from　5000　to　6000　francs）。〃



＇8＇　〃Théorie　constitutionnelle　de　Sieyès。〃　（Extract　from　unpublished

memoirs　by　Boulay　de　la　Meurthe。）　Paris；　1866；　Renouard。



＇9＇　〃Correspondance　de　Napoleon　1er；〃　XXX。。　345。　（〃Mémoires。〃）　…

〃Mémorial　de　Sainte…Hélène



＇10＇　〃Extrait　des　Mémoires〃　de　Boulay　de　la　Meurthe；　p。50。　（Words　of

Bonaparte　to　Roederer　about　Sieyès；　who　raised　objections　and　wanted

to　retire。）　〃If　Sieyès　goes　into　the　country；　draw　up　for　me　at　once

the　plan　of　a　constitution。　I　will　summon　the　primary　assemblies　in　a

week　and　make　them　accept　it　after　discharging　the　（Constituant）

committees。〃



＇11＇　〃Correspondance　de　Napoléon　ler〃　XXX。；　345；　346。　（〃Mémoires。〃）

〃Circumstances　were　such　as　to　still　make　it　necessary　to　disguise　the

unique　magistracy　of　the　president。〃



＇12＇　The　Revolution；〃　III。；　458；　417。　…　〃　Mercure　britannique；〃　nos。

for　November　1798　and　January　1799。　（Letters　from　Belgium。）　…　〃　More

than　300　millions　have　been　seized　by　force　in　these　desolated

provinces；　there　is　not　a　landowner　whose　fortune　has　not　been　ruined；

or　sequestrated；　or　fatally　sapped　by　forced　levies　and　the　flood　of

taxes　which　followed　these；　by　robberies　of　movable　property　and　the

bankruptcy　due　to　France　having　discredited　claims　on　the　emperor　and

on　the　governments；　in　short　through　confiscation。〃　…　The　insurrection

breaks　out；　as　in　Vendée；　on　account　of　the　conscription；　the　war…cry

of　the　insurgents　is；　〃Better　die　here　than　elsewhere。〃



＇13＇　De　Martel；　〃Les　Historiens　fantaisistes；〃　part　2　（on　the

Pacification　of　the　West；　according　to　reports　of　the　royalist　leaders

and　of　the　republican　generals）。



＇14＇　Archives　nationales；　F7；　3218。　（Summary　of　dispatches　arranged

according　to　dates。…Letters　of　Adjutant…General　Vicose；　Fructidor　3；

year　VII。　…　Letters　of　Lamagdelaine；　commissioner　of　the　executive

Directory；　Thermidor　26　and　Fructidor　3；　year　VII。）　…　〃　The　rascals

who　led　the　people　astray　had　promised　them；　in　the　King's　name；　that

they　should　not　be　called　on　for　further　taxes；　that　the　conscripts

and　requisitionnaires　should　not　leave；　and；　finally；　that　they　sh