the origins of contemporary france-5-第107章

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！





Notes：



＇1＇　My　understanding；　today　in　1999；　that　all　people　other　animals　by

nature　are　'built'　as　egoists；　that　is　to　look　out　for　themselves；　to

preserve　their　life；　protect　their　property　and　family。　As　far　as　the

social　（or　gregarious）　instincts　are　concerned　then　there　are　several

which　manifest　themselves　in　the　correct　and　timely　order　during　our

entire　existence。　Some　will　regulate　falling　in　love；　others

procreation；　others　relationship　between　man　and　woman；　others　between

parents　and　children；　at　yet　others　the　group　and　its　choice　and

submission　to　a　leader。　One　of　the　results　is　that　everyone　wants　to

be　important　and　accepted；　another　that　a　mob　has　drives　or　instincts

which　may　galvanize　it　into　compassion；　anger；　fear　and　action。　To

this　must　be　added　that　all　people　can　remember；　not　only　what　they

have　tried；　but　also　what　they　have　seen　or　heard　about。　They　also

tend　to　imagine　that　others　react　in　the　same　way　as　they　themselves

do。　This　allows　them　to　look　ahead　and　imagine　various　possible

scenarios。　They　are　also　aware　of　how　they　would　want　to　be　dealt　with

by　others。　（SR。）



＇2＇　That　is　what　has　happened　during　communism　where　men　worked　as

little　as　possible　since　the　principle　of　equality　made　most　effort

rest　without　reward。



＇3＇　　The　so…called　〃Centimes　additionels〃　was　an　increase　in　certain

taxes　to　be　paid　to　the　communes　and　departments。



＇4＇　Rocquain；　〃L'état　de　la　France　au　18　Brumaire〃　（report　by

Fourcroy；　pp。　138；　166）〃：　A　sack　of　wheat　worth　18　francs　at　Nantes

costs　an　equal　sum　for　its　cartage　to　Brest。　I　have　seen　carters

plodding　along；　seven　or　eight　in　a　line；　each　with　six　or　eight

strong　horses　dragging　their　vehicles　and　alternately　helping　each

other；　their　horses　hauling　their　carts　out　of　ruts　into　which　they

had　got　stuck　。　。　。　In　many　places；　I　was　grieved　to　see　carts　and

wagons　leaving　the　high…road　and　traversing；　in　spaces　from　100　to　200

yards　wide；　the　plowed　ground；　when　each　made　his　own　road　。　。　。　。　The

carters　sometimes　make　only　three　or　four　leagues　from　morning　to

night。〃　…　Hence；　a　dearth　of　provisions　at　Brest。　〃We　are　assured　that

the　people　have　long　been　on　half…rations；　or　even　quarter　rations。〃　…

And　yet；　〃　There　is　now　in　the　river；　at　Nantes；　from　four　to　five

hundred　boats　loaded　with　grain；　they　have　been　there　for　months；　and

their　number　increases　daily。　Their　cargoes　are　deteriorating　and

becoming　damaged。〃



＇5＇　Ibid。；　preface　and　summary；　p。41　（on　the　dikes　and　works　of

protection　against　inundations　at　Dol　in　Brittany；　at　Fréjus；　in

Camargue；　in　Lower　Rhine；　in　Nord；　in　Pas…de…Calais；　at　Ostende　and

Blankenberg；　at　Rochefort；　at　La　Rochelle；　etc。）。　At　Blankenberg；　a

gale　sufficed　to　carry　away　the　dike　and　let　in　the　sea。　〃The　dread　of

some　disaster　which　would　ruin　a　large　portion　of　the　departments　of

the　Lys　and　of　the　Escaut　kept　the　inhabitants　constantly　in　a　state

of　frightful　anxiety。〃



＇6＇　Hence　the　additional　centimes　to　the　tax　on　doors　and　windows；　the

number　of　which　indicates　approximately　the　value　of　the　rent。　Hence

also　the　additional　centimes　to　the　personal　tax；　which　is

proportionate　to　the　rent；　this　being　considered　as　the　most　exact

indication　of　domestic　expenditure。



＇7＇　Hence　the　communal　〃additional　centimes〃　to　the　tax　on　business

licenses。



＇8＇　Hence　the　〃　additional　centimes〃　to　the　land　tax。



＇9＇　Today；　in　1999；　we　may　in　Denmark　observe　how　the　contemporary

oligarchy　of　non…violent　Jacobins；　have　transformed　the　local

authorities　into　tools　of　the　central　government　which　through　an　all

permeating　administration；　has　replaced　the　authority　of　the　father

and　the　solidarity　of　the　family　with　a　communal　care　and

supervision。（SR。）。



＇10＇　Syndicates　of　this　kind　are　instituted　by　the　law　of　June　25；

1865；　〃between　proprietors　interested　in　the　execution　and　maintenance

of　public　works：　1st；　Protection　against　the　sea；　inundations；

torrents；　and　navigable　or　non…navigable　rivers；　2d；　Works　in

deepening；　repairing；　and　regulating　canals　and　non…navigable　water…

courses；　and　ditches　for　draining　and　irrigation；　3d；　Works　for　the

drainage　of　marshes；　4th；　Locks　and　other　provisions　necessary　in

working　salt　marshes；　5th；　Drainage　of　wet　and　unhealthy　ground。〃　…

〃Proprietors　interested　in　the　execution　of　the　above…mentioned　works

may　unite　in　an　authorized　syndical　company；　either　on　the　demand　of

one　or　of　several　among　them；　or　on　the　initiative　of　the　prefect。〃　…

（Instead　of　authorized；　we　must　read　forced；　and　we　then　find　that　the

association　may　be　imposed　on　all　interested　parties；　on　the　demand　of

one　alone；　or　even　without　any　one's　demand。）　…　Like　the　Annecy

building；　these　syndicates　enable　one　to　reach　the　fundamental　element

of　local　society。　Cf。　the　law　of　September　26；　1807　（on　the　drainage

of　marshes）；　and　the　law　of　April　21；　1810　（on　mines　and　the　two

owners　of　the　mine；　one　of　the　surface　and　the　other　of　the　subsoil；

both　likewise　partners；　and　no　less　forcibly　so　through　physical

solidarity。）



＇11＇　See　〃The　Revolution；〃　vol。　I。；　passim。　（Ed。　Laff。　I。　pp。　315…

445）。



＇12＇　Two　kinds　of　police　must　be　distinguished　one　from　the　other。　The

first　is　general　and　belongs　to　the　State：　its　business　is　to　repress

and　prevent；　outside　and　inside；　all　aggression　against　private　and

public　property。　The　second　is　municipal；　and　belongs　to　the　local

society：　its　business　is　to　see　to　the　proper　use　of　the　public　roads；

and　other　matters；　which；　like　water；　air；　and　light；　are　enjoyed　in

common；　it　undertakes；　also；　to　forestall　the　risks　and　dangers　of

imprudence；　negligence；　and　filth；　which　any　aggregation　of　men　never

fails　to　engender。　　The　provinces　of　these　two　police　forces　join　and

penetrate　each　other　at　many　points；　hence；　each　of　the　two　is　the

auxiliary；　and；　if　need　be；　the　substitute　of　the　other。



＇13＇　Rocquain；　〃l'état　de　la　France　au　18　Brumaire；〃　passim。



＇14＇　Raynouard；　〃Histoire　du　droit　municipal；〃II。；　356；　and　Dareste；

〃Histoire　de　l'administration　en　France；〃　I。；　209；　222。　　（Creation　of

the　posts　of　municipal　mayor　and　assessors　by　the　king；　in　1692；　for　a

money　consideration。）　〃These　offices　were　obtained　by　individuals；

along　with　hereditary　title；　now　attached　to　communities；　that　is　to

say；　bought　in　by　these；〃　which　put　in　their　possession　the　right　of

election。　…　The　king　frequently　took　back　these　offices　which　he　had

sold；　and　sold　them　over　again。　　In　1771；　especially；　he　takes　them

back；　and；　it　seems；　to　keep　them　forever；　but　he　always　reserves　the

right　of　alienating　them　for　money。　　For　example　（Augustin　Thierry；

〃Documens　sur　l'histoire　du　tiers　état；〃　III。；　319）；　an　act　of　the

royal　council；　dated　October　1；　1772；　accepts　70；000　francs　from　the

town　of　Amiens　for　the　repurchase　of　the　installment　of　its

magistracies；　and　defining　these　magistracies；　as　well　as　the　mode　of

election　according　to　which　the　future　incumbents　shall　be　appointed。

Provence　frequently　bought　back　its　municipal　liberties　in　the　same

fashion；　and；　for　a　hundred　years；　expended　for　this　purpose

12；500；000　livres。　In　1772；　the　king　once　more　established　the

venality　of　the　municipal　offices：　but；　on　the　Parliament　of　Aix

remonstrating；　in　1774；　he　returned　their　old　rights　and　franchises　to

the　communities。　…　Cf。　Guyot；　〃Répertoire　de　jurisprudence〃　（1784）；

articles；　Echevins；　Capitouls；　Conseillers。



＇15＇　Thibaudeau；　p。72　（words　of　the　First　Consul　at　a　meeting　of　the

Council　of　State；　Pluvi？se　14；　year　X）。



＇16＇　Roederer；　III。；　439　（Note　of　Pluvi？se　28；　year　VIII）；　ib。；　443

〃The　pretended　organic　sénatus…consulte　of　Aug。　4；　1802；　put　an　end　to

notability　by　instituting　electoral　colleges。　。　。　The　First　Consul　was

really　recognized　as　the　grand…elector　of　the　notability；〃



＇17＇　Any　dictator　or　dictator's　draftsman　will；　upon　reading　this

understand　how　easy　it　is　to　make　a　sham　constitu