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in flanders fields and other poems-第5章

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so trivial; that one welcomes what  this Sapper officer surmised 
may become a new and fixed mode of expression in verse。

As to the theme itself  I am using his words:  what is his is mine;
what is mine is his  the interest is universal。  The dead; still conscious;
fallen in a noble cause; see their graves overblown in a riot of poppy bloom。
The poppy is the emblem of sleep。  The dead desire to sleep undisturbed;
but yet curiously take an interest in passing events。  They regret
that they have not been permitted to live out their life to its normal end。
They call on the living to finish their task; else they shall not sink
into that complete repose which they desire; in spite of the balm
of the poppy。  Formalists may protest that the poet is not sincere;
since it is the seed and not the flower that produces sleep。
They might as well object that the poet has no right to impersonate the dead。
We common folk know better。  We know that in personating the dear dead;
and calling in bell…like tones on the inarticulate living;
the poet shall be enabled to break the lightnings of the Beast;
and thereby he; being himself; alas! dead; yet speaketh; and shall speak;
to ones and twos and a host。  As it is written in resonant bronze:
VIVOS 。 VOCO 。 MORTUOS 。 PLANGO 。 FULGURA 。 FRANGO:
words cast by this officer upon a church bell which still rings
in far away Orwell in memory of his father  and of mine。

By this time the little room was cold。  For some reason the guns had awakened
in the Salient。  An Indian trooper who had just come up;
and did not yet know the orders; blew 〃Lights out〃;  on a cavalry trumpet。
The sappers work by night。  The officer turned and went his way
to his accursed trenches; leaving the verse with me。

John McCrae witnessed only once the raw earth of Flanders hide its shame
in the warm scarlet glory of the poppy。  Others have watched
this resurrection of the flowers in four successive seasons;
a fresh miracle every time it occurs。  Also they have observed
the rows of crosses lengthen; the torch thrown; caught; and carried
to victory。  The dead may sleep。  We have not broken faith with them。

It is little wonder then that 〃In Flanders Fields〃 has become
the poem of the army。  The soldiers have learned it with their hearts;
which is quite a different thing from committing it to memory。
It circulates; as a song should circulate; by the living word of mouth;
not by printed characters。  That is the true test of poetry; 
its insistence on making itself learnt by heart。  The army has varied
the text; but each variation only serves to reveal more clearly
the mind of the maker。  The army says; 〃AMONG the crosses〃;
〃felt dawn AND sunset glow〃; 〃LIVED and were loved〃。  The army may be right:
it usually is。

Nor has any piece of verse in recent years been more widely known
in the civilian world。  It was used on every platform from which men
were being adjured to adventure their lives or their riches
in the great trial through which the present generation has passed。
Many 〃replies〃 have been made。  The best I have seen was written
in the ‘New York Evening Post'。  None but those who were prepared to die
before Vimy Ridge that early April day of 1916 will ever feel fully
the great truth of Mr。 Lillard's opening lines; as they speak
for all Americans:
  
   〃Rest ye in peace; ye Flanders dead。
    The fight that ye so bravely led
          We've taken up。〃
  
They did  and bravely。  They heard the cry  〃If ye break faith;
we shall not sleep。〃




  II

With the Guns



If there was nothing remarkable about the publication of 〃In Flanders Fields〃;
there was something momentous in the moment of writing it。  And yet
it was a sure instinct which prompted the writer to send it to ‘Punch'。
A rational man wishes to know the news of the world in which he lives;
and if he is interested in life; he is eager to know how men feel
and comport themselves amongst the events which are passing。
For this purpose ‘Punch' is the great newspaper of the world;
and these lines describe better than any other how men felt
in that great moment。

It was in April; 1915。  The enemy was in the full cry of victory。
All that remained for him was to occupy Paris; as once he did before;
and to seize the Channel ports。  Then France; England; and the world
were doomed。  All winter the German had spent in repairing his plans;
which had gone somewhat awry on the Marne。  He had devised his final stroke;
and it fell upon the Canadians at Ypres。  This battle;
known as the second battle of Ypres; culminated on April 22nd;
but it really extended over the whole month。

The inner history of war is written from the recorded impressions of men
who have endured it。  John McCrae in a series of letters to his mother;
cast in the form of a diary; has set down in words the impressions
which this event of the war made upon a peculiarly sensitive mind。
The account is here transcribed without any attempt at 〃amplification〃;
or 〃clarifying〃 by notes upon incidents or references to places。
These are only too well known。



                                        Friday; April 23rd; 1915。

As we moved up last evening; there was heavy firing about 4。30 on our left;
the hour at which the general attack with gas was made
when the French line broke。  We could see the shells bursting over Ypres;
and in a small village to our left; meeting General ; C。R。A。;
of one of the divisions; he ordered us to halt for orders。
We sent forward notifications to our Headquarters; and sent out orderlies
to get in touch with the batteries of the farther forward brigades
already in action。  The story of these guns will be read elsewhere。
They had a tough time; but got away safely; and did wonderful service。
One battery fired in two opposite directions at once;
and both batteries fired at point blank; open sights; at Germans in the open。
They were at times quite without infantry on their front;
for their position was behind the French to the left of the British line。

As we sat on the road we began to see the French stragglers 
men without arms; wounded men; teams; wagons; civilians; refugees 
some by the roads; some across country; all talking; shouting 
the very picture of debacle。  I must say they were the 〃tag enders〃
of a fighting line rather than the line itself。  They streamed on;
and shouted to us scraps of not too inspiriting information
while we stood and took our medicine; and picked out gun positions
in the fields in case we had to go in there and then。  The men were splendid;
not a word; not a shake; and it was a terrific test。  Traffic whizzed by 
ambulances; transport; ammunition; supplies; despatch riders 
and the shells thundered into the town; or burst high in the air nearer us;
and the refugees streamed。  Women; old men; little children;
hopeless; tearful; quiet or excited; tired; dodging the traffic; 
and the wounded in singles or in groups。  Here and there I could give
a momentary help; and the ambulances picked up as they could。
So the cold moonlight night wore on  no change save that
the towers of Ypres showed up against the glare of the city burning;
and the shells still sailed in。

At 9。30 our ammunition column (the part that had been 〃in〃) appeared。
Major  had waited; like Casabianca; for orders until the Germans were
500 yards away; then he started; getting safely away save for one wagon lost;
and some casualties in men and horses。  He found our column;
and we prepared to send forward ammunition as soon as we could learn
where the batteries had taken up position in retiring; for retire they had to。
Eleven; twelve; and finally grey day broke; and we still waited。
At 3。45 word came to go in and support a French counterattack at 4。30 A。M。
Hastily we got the order spread; it was 4 A。M。 and three miles to go。

Of one's feelings all this night  of the asphyxiated French soldiers 
of the women and children  of the cheery; steady British reinforcements
that moved up quietly past us; going up; not back  I could write;
but you can imagine。

We took the road at once; and went up at the gallop。  The Colonel rode ahead
to scout a position (we had only four 

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