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in flanders fields and other poems-第4章

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1915。  At the time I was living in Flanders at a convent in front of Locre;
in shelter of Kemmel Hill; which lies seven miles south and slightly west
of Ypres。  The piece bore no signature; but it was unmistakably
from the hand of John McCrae。

From this convent of women which was the headquarters of the 6th Canadian
Field Ambulance; I wrote to John McCrae; who was then at Boulogne;
accusing him of the authorship; and furnished him with evidence。
From memory  since at the front one carries one book only 
I quoted to him another piece of his own verse; entitled 〃The Night Cometh〃:

    〃Cometh the night。  The wind falls low;
     The trees swing slowly to and fro;
      Around the church the headstones grey
      Cluster; like children stray'd away;
     But found again; and folded so。〃

It will be observed at once by reference to the text that in form
the two poems are identical。  They contain the same number of lines and feet
as surely as all sonnets do。  Each travels upon two rhymes
with the members of a broken couplet in widely separated refrain。
To the casual reader this much is obvious; but there are many subtleties
in the verse which made the authorship inevitable。  It was a form upon which
he had worked for years; and made his own。  When the moment arrived
the medium was ready。  No other medium could have so well conveyed
the thought。

This familiarity with his verse was not a matter of accident。
For many years I was editor of the ‘University Magazine';
and those who are curious about such things may discover
that one half of the poems contained in this little book
were first published upon its pages。  This magazine had its origin
in McGill University; Montreal; in the year 1902。  Four years later
its borders were enlarged to the wider term; and it strove to express
an educated opinion upon questions immediately concerning Canada;
and to treat freely in a literary way all matters which have to do
with politics; industry; philosophy; science; and art。

To this magazine during those years John McCrae contributed all his verse。
It was therefore not unseemly that I should have written to him;
when 〃In Flanders Fields〃 appeared in ‘Punch'。  Amongst his papers
I find my poor letter; and many others of which something more might be made
if one were concerned merely with the literary side of his life
rather than with his life itself。  Two references will be enough。
Early in 1905 he offered 〃The Pilgrims〃 for publication。
I notified him of the place assigned to it in the magazine;
and added a few words of appreciation; and after all these years
it has come back to me。

The letter is dated February 9th; 1905; and reads:  〃I place the poem
next to my own buffoonery。  It is the real stuff of poetry。
How did you make it?  What have you to do with medicine?
I was charmed with it:  the thought high; the image perfect;
the expression complete; not too reticent; not too full。
Videntes autem stellam gavisi sunt gaudio magno valde。
In our own tongue;  ‘slainte filidh'。〃  To his mother he wrote;
〃the Latin is translatable as; ‘seeing the star they rejoiced
with exceeding gladness'。〃  For the benefit of those whose education
has proceeded no further than the Latin; it may be explained
that the two last words mean; 〃Hail to the poet〃。

To the inexperienced there is something portentous about an appearance
in print and something mysterious about the business of an editor。
A legend has already grown up around the publication of 〃In Flanders Fields〃
in ‘Punch'。  The truth is; 〃that the poem was offered in the usual way
and accepted; that is all。〃  The usual way of offering a piece to an editor
is to put it in an envelope with a postage stamp outside to carry it there;
and a stamp inside to carry it back。  Nothing else helps。

An editor is merely a man who knows his right hand from his left;
good from evil; having the honesty of a kitchen cook
who will not spoil his confection by favour for a friend。
Fear of a foe is not a temptation; since editors are too humble and harmless
to have any。  There are of course certain slight offices
which an editor can render; especially to those whose writings
he does not intend to print; but John McCrae required none of these。
His work was finished to the last point。  He would bring his piece in his hand
and put it on the table。  A wise editor knows when to keep his mouth shut;
but now I am free to say that he never understood the nicety
of the semi…colon; and his writing was too heavily stopped。

He was not of those who might say;  take it or leave it; but rather; 
look how perfect it is; and it was so。  Also he was the first to recognize
that an editor has some rights and prejudices; that certain words
make him sick; that certain other words he reserves for his own use; 
〃meticulous〃 once a year; 〃adscititious〃 once in a life time。
This explains why editors write so little。  In the end;
out of mere good nature; or seeing the futility of it all;
they contribute their words to contributors and write no more。

The volume of verse as here printed is small。  The volume might be enlarged;
it would not be improved。  To estimate the value and institute a comparison
of those herein set forth would be a congenial but useless task;
which may well be left to those whose profession it is to offer instruction
to the young。  To say that 〃In Flanders Fields〃 is not the best
would involve one in controversy。  It did give expression to a mood
which at the time was universal; and will remain as a permanent record
when the mood is passed away。

The poem was first called to my attention by a Sapper officer; then Major;
now Brigadier。  He brought the paper in his hand from his billet
in Dranoutre。  It was printed on page 468; and Mr。 ‘Punch' will be glad
to be told that; in his annual index; in the issue of December 29th; 1915;
he has mispelled the author's name; which is perhaps the only mistake
he ever made。  This officer could himself weave the sonnet with deft fingers;
and he pointed out many deep things。  It is to the sappers
the army always goes for 〃technical material〃。

The poem; he explained; consists of thirteen lines in iambic tetrameter
and two lines of two iambics each; in all; one line more
than the sonnet's count。  There are two rhymes only; since the short lines
must be considered blank; and are; in fact; identical。  But it is
a difficult mode。  It is true; he allowed; that the octet of the sonnet
has only two rhymes; but these recur only four times;
and the liberty of the sestet tempers its despotism; 
which I thought a pretty phrase。  He pointed out the dangers inherent
in a restricted rhyme; and cited the case of Browning; the great rhymster;
who was prone to resort to any rhyme; and frequently ended in absurdity;
finding it easier to make a new verse than to make an end。

At great length  but the December evenings in Flanders are long;
how long; O Lord!  this Sapper officer demonstrated the skill
with which the rhymes are chosen。  They are vocalized。
Consonant endings would spoil the whole effect。  They reiterate O and I;
not the O of pain and the Ay of assent; but the O of wonder; of hope;
of aspiration; and the I of personal pride; of jealous immortality;
of the Ego against the Universe。  They are; he went on to expound;
a recurrence of the ancient question:  〃How are the dead raised;
and with what body do they come?〃  〃How shall I bear my light across?〃
and of the defiant cry:  〃If Christ be not raised; then is our faith vain。〃


The theme has three phases:  the first a calm; a deadly calm;
opening statement in five lines; the second in four lines;
an explanation; a regret; a reiteration of the first; the third;
without preliminary crescendo; breaking out into passionate adjuration
in vivid metaphor; a poignant appeal which is at once a blessing and a curse。
In the closing line is a satisfying return to the first phase; 
and the thing is done。  One is so often reminded of the poverty
of men's invention; their best being so incomplete; their greatest
so trivial; that one welcomes what  this Sapper officer surmised 
may become a new and fixed mode of expression in verse。

As to

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