prior analytics-第25章
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assumed that A belongs to all B and to no C; both premisses are
partially false; but the conclusion is true。 Similarly; if the
negative premiss is transposed; the proof can be made by means of
the same terms。
It is clear also that our thesis holds in particular syllogisms。 For
(5) nothing prevents A belonging to all B and to some C; though B does
not belong to some C; e。g。 animal to every man and to some white
things; though man will not belong to some white things。 If then it is
stated that A belongs to no B and to some C; the universal premiss
is wholly false; the particular premiss is true; and the conclusion is
true。 Similarly if the premiss AB is affirmative: for it is possible
that A should belong to no B; and not to some C; though B does not
belong to some C; e。g。 animal belongs to nothing lifeless; and does
not belong to some white things; and lifeless will not belong to
some white things。 If then it is stated that A belongs to all B and
not to some C; the premiss AB which is universal is wholly false;
the premiss AC is true; and the conclusion is true。 Also a true
conclusion is possible when the universal premiss is true; and the
particular is false。 For nothing prevents A following neither B nor
C at all; while B does not belong to some C; e。g。 animal belongs to no
number nor to anything lifeless; and number does not follow some
lifeless things。 If then it is stated that A belongs to no B and to
some C; the conclusion will be true; and the universal premiss true;
but the particular false。 Similarly if the premiss which is stated
universally is affirmative。 For it is possible that should A belong
both to B and to C as wholes; though B does not follow some C; e。g。
a genus in relation to its species and difference: for animal
follows every man and footed things as a whole; but man does not
follow every footed thing。 Consequently if it is assumed that A
belongs to the whole of B; but does not belong to some C; the
universal premiss is true; the particular false; and the conclusion
true。
(6) It is clear too that though both premisses are false they may
yield a true conclusion; since it is possible that A should belong
both to B and to C as wholes; though B does not follow some C。 For
if it is assumed that A belongs to no B and to some C; the premisses
are both false; but the conclusion is true。 Similarly if the universal
premiss is affirmative and the particular negative。 For it is possible
that A should follow no B and all C; though B does not belong to
some C; e。g。 animal follows no science but every man; though science
does not follow every man。 If then A is assumed to belong to the whole
of B; and not to follow some C; the premisses are false but the
conclusion is true。
4
In the last figure a true conclusion may come through what is false;
alike when both premisses are wholly false; when each is partly false;
when one premiss is wholly true; the other false; when one premiss
is partly false; the other wholly true; and vice versa; and in every
other way in which it is possible to alter the premisses。 For (1)
nothing prevents neither A nor B from belonging to any C; while A
belongs to some B; e。g。 neither man nor footed follows anything
lifeless; though man belongs to some footed things。 If then it is
assumed that A and B belong to all C; the premisses will be wholly
false; but the conclusion true。 Similarly if one premiss is
negative; the other affirmative。 For it is possible that B should
belong to no C; but A to all C; and that should not belong to some
B; e。g。 black belongs to no swan; animal to every swan; and animal not
to everything black。 Consequently if it is assumed that B belongs to
all C; and A to no C; A will not belong to some B: and the
conclusion is true; though the premisses are false。
(2) Also if each premiss is partly false; the conclusion may be
true。 For nothing prevents both A and B from belonging to some C while
A belongs to some B; e。g。 white and beautiful belong to some
animals; and white to some beautiful things。 If then it is stated that
A and B belong to all C; the premisses are partially false; but the
conclusion is true。 Similarly if the premiss AC is stated as negative。
For nothing prevents A from not belonging; and B from belonging; to
some C; while A does not belong to all B; e。g。 white does not belong
to some animals; beautiful belongs to some animals; and white does not
belong to everything beautiful。 Consequently if it is assumed that A
belongs to no C; and B to all C; both premisses are partly false;
but the conclusion is true。
(3) Similarly if one of the premisses assumed is wholly false; the
other wholly true。 For it is possible that both A and B should
follow all C; though A does not belong to some B; e。g。 animal and
white follow every swan; though animal does not belong to everything
white。 Taking these then as terms; if one assumes that B belongs to
the whole of C; but A does not belong to C at all; the premiss BC will
be wholly true; the premiss AC wholly false; and the conclusion
true。 Similarly if the statement BC is false; the statement AC true;
the conclusion may be true。 The same terms will serve for the proof。
Also if both the premisses assumed are affirmative; the conclusion may
be true。 For nothing prevents B from following all C; and A from not
belonging to C at all; though A belongs to some B; e。g。 animal belongs
to every swan; black to no swan; and black to some animals。
Consequently if it is assumed that A and B belong to every C; the
premiss BC is wholly true; the premiss AC is wholly false; and the
conclusion is true。 Similarly if the premiss AC which is assumed is
true: the proof can be made through the same terms。
(4) Again if one premiss is wholly true; the other partly false; the
conclusion may be true。 For it is possible that B should belong to all
C; and A to some C; while A belongs to some B; e。g。 biped belongs to
every man; beautiful not to every man; and beautiful to some bipeds。
If then it is assumed that both A and B belong to the whole of C;
the premiss BC is wholly true; the premiss AC partly false; the
conclusion true。 Similarly if of the premisses assumed AC is true
and BC partly false; a true conclusion is possible: this can be
proved; if the same terms as before are transposed。 Also the
conclusion may be true if one premiss is negative; the other
affirmative。 For since it is possible that B should belong to the
whole of C; and A to some C; and; when they are so; that A should
not belong to all B; therefore it is assumed that B belongs to the
whole of C; and A to no C; the negative premiss is partly false; the
other premiss wholly true; and the conclusion is true。 Again since
it has been proved that if A belongs to no C and B to some C; it is
possible that A should not belong to some C; it is clear that if the
premiss AC is wholly true; and the premiss BC partly false; it is
possible that the conclusion should be true。 For if it is assumed that
A belongs to no C; and B to all C; the premiss AC is wholly true;
and the premiss BC is partly false。
(5) It is clear also in the case of particular syllogisms that a
true conclusion may come through what is false; in every possible way。
For the same terms must be taken as have been taken when the premisses
are universal; positive terms in positive syllogisms; negative terms
in negative。 For it makes no difference to the setting out of the
terms; whether one assu