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第25章

prior analytics-第25章

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assumed that A belongs to all B and to no C; both premisses are



partially false; but the conclusion is true。 Similarly; if the



negative premiss is transposed; the proof can be made by means of



the same terms。



  It is clear also that our thesis holds in particular syllogisms。 For



(5) nothing prevents A belonging to all B and to some C; though B does



not belong to some C; e。g。 animal to every man and to some white



things; though man will not belong to some white things。 If then it is



stated that A belongs to no B and to some C; the universal premiss



is wholly false; the particular premiss is true; and the conclusion is



true。 Similarly if the premiss AB is affirmative: for it is possible



that A should belong to no B; and not to some C; though B does not



belong to some C; e。g。 animal belongs to nothing lifeless; and does



not belong to some white things; and lifeless will not belong to



some white things。 If then it is stated that A belongs to all B and



not to some C; the premiss AB which is universal is wholly false;



the premiss AC is true; and the conclusion is true。 Also a true



conclusion is possible when the universal premiss is true; and the



particular is false。 For nothing prevents A following neither B nor



C at all; while B does not belong to some C; e。g。 animal belongs to no



number nor to anything lifeless; and number does not follow some



lifeless things。 If then it is stated that A belongs to no B and to



some C; the conclusion will be true; and the universal premiss true;



but the particular false。 Similarly if the premiss which is stated



universally is affirmative。 For it is possible that should A belong



both to B and to C as wholes; though B does not follow some C; e。g。



a genus in relation to its species and difference: for animal



follows every man and footed things as a whole; but man does not



follow every footed thing。 Consequently if it is assumed that A



belongs to the whole of B; but does not belong to some C; the



universal premiss is true; the particular false; and the conclusion



true。



  (6) It is clear too that though both premisses are false they may



yield a true conclusion; since it is possible that A should belong



both to B and to C as wholes; though B does not follow some C。 For



if it is assumed that A belongs to no B and to some C; the premisses



are both false; but the conclusion is true。 Similarly if the universal



premiss is affirmative and the particular negative。 For it is possible



that A should follow no B and all C; though B does not belong to



some C; e。g。 animal follows no science but every man; though science



does not follow every man。 If then A is assumed to belong to the whole



of B; and not to follow some C; the premisses are false but the



conclusion is true。







                                 4







  In the last figure a true conclusion may come through what is false;



alike when both premisses are wholly false; when each is partly false;



when one premiss is wholly true; the other false; when one premiss



is partly false; the other wholly true; and vice versa; and in every



other way in which it is possible to alter the premisses。 For (1)



nothing prevents neither A nor B from belonging to any C; while A



belongs to some B; e。g。 neither man nor footed follows anything



lifeless; though man belongs to some footed things。 If then it is



assumed that A and B belong to all C; the premisses will be wholly



false; but the conclusion true。 Similarly if one premiss is



negative; the other affirmative。 For it is possible that B should



belong to no C; but A to all C; and that should not belong to some



B; e。g。 black belongs to no swan; animal to every swan; and animal not



to everything black。 Consequently if it is assumed that B belongs to



all C; and A to no C; A will not belong to some B: and the



conclusion is true; though the premisses are false。



  (2) Also if each premiss is partly false; the conclusion may be



true。 For nothing prevents both A and B from belonging to some C while



A belongs to some B; e。g。 white and beautiful belong to some



animals; and white to some beautiful things。 If then it is stated that



A and B belong to all C; the premisses are partially false; but the



conclusion is true。 Similarly if the premiss AC is stated as negative。



For nothing prevents A from not belonging; and B from belonging; to



some C; while A does not belong to all B; e。g。 white does not belong



to some animals; beautiful belongs to some animals; and white does not



belong to everything beautiful。 Consequently if it is assumed that A



belongs to no C; and B to all C; both premisses are partly false;



but the conclusion is true。



  (3) Similarly if one of the premisses assumed is wholly false; the



other wholly true。 For it is possible that both A and B should



follow all C; though A does not belong to some B; e。g。 animal and



white follow every swan; though animal does not belong to everything



white。 Taking these then as terms; if one assumes that B belongs to



the whole of C; but A does not belong to C at all; the premiss BC will



be wholly true; the premiss AC wholly false; and the conclusion



true。 Similarly if the statement BC is false; the statement AC true;



the conclusion may be true。 The same terms will serve for the proof。



Also if both the premisses assumed are affirmative; the conclusion may



be true。 For nothing prevents B from following all C; and A from not



belonging to C at all; though A belongs to some B; e。g。 animal belongs



to every swan; black to no swan; and black to some animals。



Consequently if it is assumed that A and B belong to every C; the



premiss BC is wholly true; the premiss AC is wholly false; and the



conclusion is true。 Similarly if the premiss AC which is assumed is



true: the proof can be made through the same terms。



  (4) Again if one premiss is wholly true; the other partly false; the



conclusion may be true。 For it is possible that B should belong to all



C; and A to some C; while A belongs to some B; e。g。 biped belongs to



every man; beautiful not to every man; and beautiful to some bipeds。



If then it is assumed that both A and B belong to the whole of C;



the premiss BC is wholly true; the premiss AC partly false; the



conclusion true。 Similarly if of the premisses assumed AC is true



and BC partly false; a true conclusion is possible: this can be



proved; if the same terms as before are transposed。 Also the



conclusion may be true if one premiss is negative; the other



affirmative。 For since it is possible that B should belong to the



whole of C; and A to some C; and; when they are so; that A should



not belong to all B; therefore it is assumed that B belongs to the



whole of C; and A to no C; the negative premiss is partly false; the



other premiss wholly true; and the conclusion is true。 Again since



it has been proved that if A belongs to no C and B to some C; it is



possible that A should not belong to some C; it is clear that if the



premiss AC is wholly true; and the premiss BC partly false; it is



possible that the conclusion should be true。 For if it is assumed that



A belongs to no C; and B to all C; the premiss AC is wholly true;



and the premiss BC is partly false。



  (5) It is clear also in the case of particular syllogisms that a



true conclusion may come through what is false; in every possible way。



For the same terms must be taken as have been taken when the premisses



are universal; positive terms in positive syllogisms; negative terms



in negative。 For it makes no difference to the setting out of the



terms; whether one assu

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