贝壳电子书 > 英文原著电子书 > prior analytics >

第24章

prior analytics-第24章

小说: prior analytics 字数: 每页4000字

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页,按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页,按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
————未阅读完?加入书签已便下次继续阅读!






whole of B and of C; while B belongs to some C; e。g。 a genus to its



species and difference: for animal belongs to every man and to every



footed thing; and man to some footed things though not to all。 If then



it is assumed that A belongs to all B; and B to all C; A will belong



to all C: and this ex hypothesi is true。 Similarly if the premiss AB



is negative。 For it is possible that A should neither belong to any



B nor to any C; though B belongs to some C; e。g。 a genus to the



species of another genus and its difference: for animal neither



belongs to any wisdom nor to any instance of 'speculative'; but wisdom



belongs to some instance of 'speculative'。 If then it should be



assumed that A belongs to no B; and B to all C; will belong to no C:



and this ex hypothesi is true。



  In particular syllogisms it is possible when the first premiss is



wholly false; and the other true; that the conclusion should be



true; also when the first premiss is false in part; and the other



true; and when the first is true; and the particular is false; and



when both are false。 (7) For nothing prevents A belonging to no B; but



to some C; and B to some C; e。g。 animal belongs to no snow; but to



some white thing; and snow to some white thing。 If then snow is



taken as middle; and animal as first term; and it is assumed that A



belongs to the whole of B; and B to some C; then the premiss BC is



wholly false; the premiss BC true; and the conclusion true。



Similarly if the premiss AB is negative: for it is possible that A



should belong to the whole of B; but not to some C; although B belongs



to some C; e。g。 animal belongs to every man; but does not follow



some white; but man belongs to some white; consequently if man be



taken as middle term and it is assumed that A belongs to no B but B



belongs to some C; the conclusion will be true although the premiss AB



is wholly false。 (If the premiss AB is false in part; the conclusion



may be true。 For nothing prevents A belonging both to B and to some C;



and B belonging to some C; e。g。 animal to something beautiful and to



something great; and beautiful belonging to something great。 If then A



is assumed to belong to all B; and B to some C; the a premiss AB



will be partially false; the premiss BC will be true; and the



conclusion true。 Similarly if the premiss AB is negative。 For the same



terms will serve; and in the same positions; to prove the point。



  (9) Again if the premiss AB is true; and the premiss BC is false;



the conclusion may be true。 For nothing prevents A belonging to the



whole of B and to some C; while B belongs to no C; e。g。 animal to



every swan and to some black things; though swan belongs to no black



thing。 Consequently if it should be assumed that A belongs to all B;



and B to some C; the conclusion will be true; although the statement



BC is false。 Similarly if the premiss AB is negative。 For it is



possible that A should belong to no B; and not to some C; while B



belongs to no C; e。g。 a genus to the species of another genus and to



the accident of its own species: for animal belongs to no number and



not to some white things; and number belongs to nothing white。 If then



number is taken as middle; and it is assumed that A belongs to no B;



and B to some C; then A will not belong to some C; which ex



hypothesi is true。 And the premiss AB is true; the premiss BC false。



  (10) Also if the premiss AB is partially false; and the premiss BC



is false too; the conclusion may be true。 For nothing prevents A



belonging to some B and to some C; though B belongs to no C; e。g。 if B



is the contrary of C; and both are accidents of the same genus: for



animal belongs to some white things and to some black things; but



white belongs to no black thing。 If then it is assumed that A



belongs to all B; and B to some C; the conclusion will be true。



Similarly if the premiss AB is negative: for the same terms arranged



in the same way will serve for the proof。



  (11) Also though both premisses are false the conclusion may be



true。 For it is possible that A may belong to no B and to some C;



while B belongs to no C; e。g。 a genus in relation to the species of



another genus; and to the accident of its own species: for animal



belongs to no number; but to some white things; and number to



nothing white。 If then it is assumed that A belongs to all B and B



to some C; the conclusion will be true; though both premisses are



false。 Similarly also if the premiss AB is negative。 For nothing



prevents A belonging to the whole of B; and not to some C; while B



belongs to no C; e。g。 animal belongs to every swan; and not to some



black things; and swan belongs to nothing black。 Consequently if it is



assumed that A belongs to no B; and B to some C; then A does not



belong to some C。 The conclusion then is true; but the premisses arc



false。







                                 3







  In the middle figure it is possible in every way to reach a true



conclusion through false premisses; whether the syllogisms are



universal or particular; viz。 when both premisses are wholly false;



when each is partially false; when one is true; the other wholly false



(it does not matter which of the two premisses is false); if both



premisses are partially false; if one is quite true; the other



partially false; if one is wholly false; the other partially true。 For



(1) if A belongs to no B and to all C; e。g。 animal to no stone and



to every horse; then if the premisses are stated contrariwise and it



is assumed that A belongs to all B and to no C; though the premisses



are wholly false they will yield a true conclusion。 Similarly if A



belongs to all B and to no C: for we shall have the same syllogism。



  (2) Again if one premiss is wholly false; the other wholly true: for



nothing prevents A belonging to all B and to all C; though B belongs



to no C; e。g。 a genus to its co…ordinate species。 For animal belongs



to every horse and man; and no man is a horse。 If then it is assumed



that animal belongs to all of the one; and none of the other; the



one premiss will be wholly false; the other wholly true; and the



conclusion will be true whichever term the negative statement



concerns。



  (3) Also if one premiss is partially false; the other wholly true。



For it is possible that A should belong to some B and to all C; though



B belongs to no C; e。g。 animal to some white things and to every



raven; though white belongs to no raven。 If then it is assumed that



A belongs to no B; but to the whole of C; the premiss AB is



partially false; the premiss AC wholly true; and the conclusion



true。 Similarly if the negative statement is transposed: the proof can



be made by means of the same terms。 Also if the affirmative premiss is



partially false; the negative wholly true; a true conclusion is



possible。 For nothing prevents A belonging to some B; but not to C



as a whole; while B belongs to no C; e。g。 animal belongs to some white



things; but to no pitch; and white belongs to no pitch。 Consequently



if it is assumed that A belongs to the whole of B; but to no C; the



premiss AB is partially false; the premiss AC is wholly true; and



the conclusion is true。



  (4) And if both the premisses are partially false; the conclusion



may be true。 For it is possible that A should belong to some B and



to some C; and B to no C; e。g。 animal to some white things and to some



black things; though white belongs to nothing black。 If then it is



assumed that A belongs to all B and to no C; both premisses are



partially false; but the conclusion is true。 Similarly; i

返回目录 上一页 下一页 回到顶部 0 0

你可能喜欢的