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第2章

the book of prognostics-第2章

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that is hard and painful; is very bad; provided it occupy the whole

hypochondrium; but if it be on either side; it is less dangerous

when on the left。 Such swellings at the commencement of the disease

prognosticate speedy death; but if the fever has passed twenty days;

and the swelling has not subsided; it turns to a suppuration。 A

discharge of blood from the nose occurs to such in the first period;

and proves very useful; but inquiry should be made if they have

headache or indistinct vision; for if there be such; the disease

will be determined thither。 The discharge of blood is rather to be

expected in those who are younger than thirty…five years。 Such

swellings as are soft; free from pain; and yield to the finger;

occasion more protracted crises; and are less dangerous than the

others。 But if the fever continue beyond sixty days; without any

subsidence of the swelling; it indicates that empyema is about to take

place; and a swelling in any other part of the cavity will terminate

in like manner。 Such; then; as are painful; hard; and large;

indicate danger of speedy death; but such as are soft; free of pain;

and yield when pressed with the finger; are more chronic than these。

Swellings in the belly less frequently form abscesses than those in

the hypochondrium; and seldomest of all; those below the navel are

converted into suppuration; but you may rather expect a hemorrhage

from the upper parts。 But the suppuration of all protracted

swellings about these parts is to be anticipated。 The collections of

matter there are to be thus judged of: such as are determined outwards

are the best when they are small; when they protrude very much; and

swell to a point; such as are large and broad; and which do not

swell out to a sharp point; are the worst。 Of such as break

internally; the best are those which have no external communication;

but are covered and indolent; and when the whole place is free from

discoloration。 That pus is best which is white; homogeneous; smooth;

and not at all fetid; the contrary to this is the worst。

  8。 All dropsies arising from acute diseases are bad; for they do not

remove the fever; and are very painful and fatal。 The most of them

commence from the flanks and loins; but some from the liver; in

those which derive their origin from the flanks and loins the feet

swell; protracted diarrhoeas supervene; which neither remove the pains

in the flanks and loins; nor soften the belly; but in dropsies which

are connected with the liver there is a tickling cough; with

scarcely any perceptible expectoration; and the feet swell; there

are no evacuations from the bowels; unless such as are hard and

forced; and there are swellings about the belly; sometimes on the

one side and sometimes on the other; and these increase and diminish

by turns。

  9。 It is a bad symptom when the head; hands; and feet are cold;

while the belly and sides are hot; but it is a very good symptom

when the whole body is equally hot。 The patient ought to be able to

turn round easily; and to be agile when raised up; but if he appear

heavy in the rest of his body as well as in his hands and feet; it

is more dangerous; and if; in addition to the weight; his nails and

fingers become livid; immediate death may be anticipated; and if the

hands and feet be black it is less dangerous than if they be livid;

but the other symptoms must be attended; to; for if he appear to

bear the illness well; and if certain of the salutary symptoms

appear along with these there may be hope that the disease will turn

to a deposition; so that the man may recover; but the blackened

parts of the body will drop off。 When the testicles and members are

retracted upwards; they indicate strong pains and danger of death。

  10。 With regard to sleep… as is usual with us in health; the patient

should wake during the day and sleep during the night。 If this rule be

anywise altered it is so far worse: but there will be little harm

provided he sleep in the morning for the third part of the day; such

sleep as takes place after this time is more unfavorable; but the

worst of all is to get no sleep either night or day; for it follows

from this symptom that the insomnolency is connected with sorrow and

pains; or that he is about to become delirious。

  11。 The excrement is best which is soft and consistent; is passed at

the hour which was customary to the patient when in health; in

quantity proportionate to the ingests; for when the passages are such;

the lower belly is in a healthy state。 But if the discharges be fluid;

it is favorable that they are not accompanied with a noise; nor are

frequent; nor in great quantity; for the man being oppressed by

frequently getting up; must be deprived of sleep; and if the

evacuations be both frequent and large; there is danger of his falling

into deliquium animi。 But in proportion to the ingesta he should

have evacuations twice or thrice in the day; once at night and more

copiously in the morning; as is customary with a person in health。 The

faeces should become thicker when the disease is tending to a

crisis; they ought to be yellowish and not very fetid。 It is favorable

that round worms be passed with the discharges when the disease is

tending to a crisis。 The belly; too; through the whole disease; should

be soft and moderately distended; but excrements that are very watery;

or white; or green; or very red; or frothy; are all bad。 It is also

bad when the discharge is small; and viscid; and white; and

greenish; and smooth; but still more deadly appearances are the black;

or fatty; or livid; or verdigris…green; or fetid。 Such as are of

varied characters indicate greater duration of the complaint; but

are no less dangerous; such as those which resemble scrapings; those

which are bilious; those resembling leeks; and the black; these

being sometimes passed together; and sometimes singly。 It is best when

wind passes without noise; but it is better that flatulence should

pass even thus than that it should be retained; and when it does

pass thus; it indicates either that the man is in pain or in delirium;

unless he gives vent to the wind spontaneously。 Pains in the

hypochondria; and swellings; if recent; and not accompanied with

inflammation; are relieved by borborygmi supervening in the

hypochondrium; more especially if it pass off with faeces; urine;

and wind; but even although not; it will do good by passing along; and

it also does good by descending to the lower part of the belly。

  12。 The urine is best when the sediment is white; smooth; and

consistent during the whole time; until the disease come to a

crisis; for it indicates freedom from danger; and an illness of

short duration; but if deficient; and if it be sometimes passed clear;

and sometimes with a white and smooth sediment; the disease will be

more protracted; and not so void of danger。 But if the urine be

reddish; and the sediment consistent and smooth; the affection; in

this case; will be more protracted than the former; but still not

fatal。 But farinaceous sediments in the urine are bad; and still worse

are the leafy; the white and thin are very bad; but the furfuraceous

are still worse than these。 Clouds carried about in the urine are good

when white; but bad if black。 When the urine is yellow and thin; it

indicates that the disease is unconcocted; and if it (the disease)

should be protracted; there maybe danger lest the patient should not

hold out until the urine be concocted。 But the most deadly of all

kinds of urine are the fetid; watery; black; and thick; in adult men

and women the black is of all kinds of urine the worst; but in

children; the watery。 In those who pass thin and crude urine for a

length of time; if they have otherwise symptoms of convalescence; an

abscess may be expected to form in the parts below the diaphragm。

And fatty substances floating on the surface are to be dreaded; for

they are indications of melting。 And one should consider respecting

the kinds of urine; which have clouds; whether they tend upwards or

downwards; and upwards or downwards

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