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how to learn any language-第32章

小说: how to learn any language 字数: 每页4000字

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Sindhi1 (SE Pakistan; W India) ………………………………………………。。 16    
Sinhalese (Sri Lanka) …………………………………………………………。 13    
Slovak (Czechoslovakia) ……………………………………………………… 5    
Slovene (Slovenia; NW Yugoslavia) …………………………………………。。 2    
Soga (Busoga; Uganda) ………………………………………………………。。 1    
Somali (Somalia; Ethiopia; Kenya; Djbouti) …………………………………。。 7    
Songye (Kasia Or。; NW Shala; Zaire) …………………………………………。 1    
Soninke (Mali; countries to W; S; E) …………………………………………。。 1    
Sotho; Northern (South Africa) ………………………………………………。。 3    
Sotho; Southern (South Africa; Lesotho) ……………………………………… 4    
Spanish (Spain; Central and South America; Caribbean) ……………………… 341    
Sundanese (Sunda Strait; Indonesia) …………………………………………。。 24    
Swahili (Kenya; Tanzania; Zaire; Uganda) …………………………………… 43    
Swati (Swaziland; South Africa) ……………………………………………… 1    
Swedish (Sweden; Finland) …………………………………………………… 9    
Sylhetti (Bangladesh) …………………………………………………………。 5    
Tagalog (Philippines) …………………………………………………………。 36    
Tajiki (USSR) ………………………………………………………………… 4    
Tamazight (N Morocco; W Algeria) …………………………………………。。 3    
Tamil1 (Tamil Nadu; India; Sri Lanka) ………………………………………。。 65    
Tatar (USSR) …………………………………………………………………。。 7    
Tausug (Philippines; Malaysia) ………………………………………………。。 1    
Telugu1 (Andhra Pradesh; SE India) …………………………………………。。 68    
 
Temne (C Sierra Leone) ………………………………………………………。 1    
Thai5 (Thailand) ………………………………………………………………。 48    
Tho (N Vietnam; S China) ……………………………………………………。。 1    
Thonga (Mozambique; South Africa) …………………………………………。 3    
Tibetan (SW China; N India; Nepal) …………………………………………。。 5    
Tigrinya (S Eritrea; Tigre; Ethiopia) …………………………………………。。 4    
Tiv (SE Nigeria; Cameroon) …………………………………………………。。 2    
Tong (see Dong)    
Tonga (SW Zambia; NW Zimbabwe) ………………………………………… 2    
Tswana (Botswana; South Africa) ……………………………………………。 3    
Tudza (N Vietnam; S China) …………………………………………………。 1    
Tulu (S India) ………………………………………………………………… 2    
Tumbuka (N Malawi; NE Zambia) …………………………………………… 2    
Turkish (Turkey) ……………………………………………………………… 55    
Turkmen (S USSR; NE Iran; Afghanistan) …………………………………… 3    
Twi…Fante (see Akan)    
Uighur (Xinjang; NW China; SC USSR) ……………………………………… 7    
Ukranian (USSR; Poland) ……………………………………………………。。 45    
Urdu4 (Pakistan; India) ………………………………………………………。。 92    
Uzbek (USSR) ………………………………………………………………… 13    
Vietnamese (Vietnam) ………………………………………………………… 57    
Wolaytta (SW Ethiopia) ………………………………………………………。 2    
Wolof (Senegal) ………………………………………………………………。 6    
Wu (Shanghai and nearby provinces; China) …………………………………。 62    
Xhosa (SW Cape Province; South Africa) ……………………………………。。 7    
Yao (see Mien) (Malawi; Tanzania; Mozambique)    
Yi (S and SW China) …………………………………………………………。。 6    
Yiddish6   
Yoruba (SW Nigeria; Zou; Benin) ……………………………………………。。 18    
Zande (NE Zaire; SW Sudan) …………………………………………………。 1    
Zhuang (S China) ……………………………………………………………… 14    
Zulu (N Natal; South Africa; Lesotho) ………………………………………… 7         
(1) One of the fifteen languages of the Constitution of India。 (2) See Kabyle; Riff;  
Shilha; and Tamazight。 (3) See Mandarin; Cantonese; Wu; Min; and Hakka。 The  
“common speech” (Putonghua) or the “national language” (Guoyu) is a standardised  
form of Mandarin as spoken in the area of Beijing。 (4) Hindi and Urdu are essentially the  
same language; Hindustani。 As the official language of Pakistan it is written in a  
modified Arabic script and called Urdu。 As the official language of India it is written in  
the Devanagari script and called Hindi。 (5) The distinction between some Thai dialects  
and Lao is political rather than linguistic。 (6) Yiddish is usually considered a variant of  
German; though it has its own standard grammar; dictionaries; a highly developed  
literature; and is written in Hebrew characters。      
                          
Farber’s Language    
Reviews                   
We have such things as theatre reviews; movie reviews; books reviews; and restaurant  
reviews to help trusting readers decide which plays; movies; books; and restaurants are  
worth their time and money。    
So here’s a series of language reviews – thumbnail sketches of some of the major  
languages of the world with comments on their prevalence; their usefulness; the difficulty  
or ease with which each may be learned; and special characteristics the potential learner  
should know。         
French         
After English; French is the world’s most popular second language。 Several other  
languages are spoken by more people: Chinese; English; Hindustani (the spoken form of  
Hindi and Urdu); Russian; Spanish; Japanese; German; Indonesian; and even Portugese  
count more speakers than French。 But French can be heard in practically every corner of  
the world and is often spoken by the most influential segments of a given population。 The  
old French empire; though not as vast as the British; was nonetheless vast。 French is  
therefore spoken in what you may find a surprising number of countries。 So is Chinese;  
but the French spoken by the educated classes and government officials in Canada;  
Africa; Lebanon and throughout the Middle East; Asia; the Caribbean; and the South  
Pacific outweighs in cultural influence the Chinese spoken in the Chinatowns of  
America; Indonesia; the Philippines; Singapore; Burma; Vietnam; London; and  
everywhere else。    
French no longer deserves its reputation as “the language of diplomacy” (during  
how many summit meetings since World War II have the chiefs of state been able to  
communicate even one simple thought to each other in French?); but never mind。 French  
is still respected and revered as a language of cultured people the world over。    
Fully sixty percent of all those who come to practice parties at the Language Club  
in New York come seeking practice in French。 Efforts to convince Americans shopping    
 
around for a language to learn to shift their attentions from French to currently more  
advantageous languages like Japanese; Chinese; Russian; and Arabic are usually  
unavailing。 It’s French they want!    
French lies in the middle range of difficulty to learn。 The grammar is mercifully  
simple; but correct pronunciation with a decent French accent is hard to achieve。 And for  
some reason; bad French comes across as much worse than bad German; bad Italian; bad  
Spanish; or bad anything else。 The native French ear and French attitude are unforgiving。    
There are no noun cases; but verbs inflect and adjectives must agree with nouns。  
There’s a subjunctive mood you’re strongly urged to learn even though the younger  
French themselves increasingly ignore it。    
If you’re planning to study French along with other languages; make sure you learn  
French best of all。 You will be judged in the world by your French; and no matter how  
well you handle Dutch; Hungarian; Norwegian; or Indonesian; you will not be regarded  
as a person of language accomplishment if your French is poor。         
Spanish         
Spanish seems to be the “natural” second language for Americans; owing to our  
proximity to the Spanish…speaking centres of North; Central; and South America and the  
growing prevalence of Spanish in 

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