list1-第3章

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commercial　power；　merely　with　other　Italian　cities；　and　her



prohibitory　commercial　policy　could　benefit　her　so　long　only　as



whole　nations　with　united　power　did　not　enter　into　competition　with



her。　But　as　soon　as　that　took　place；　she　could　only　have　maintained



her　supremacy　by　placing　herself　at　the　head　of　a　united　Italy　and



by　embracing　in　her　commercial　system　the　whole　Italian　nation。　No



commercial　policy　was　ever　clever　enough　to　maintain　continuously



the　commercial　supremacy　of　a　single　city　over　united　nations。



　　　　From　the　example　of　Venice　（so　far　as　it　may　be　adduced　against



a　protective　commercial　policy　at　the　present　time）　neither　more



nor　less　can　be　inferred　than　this　　that　a　single　city　or　a　small



state　cannot　establish　and　maintain　such　a　policy　successfully　in



competition　with　great　states　and　kingdoms；　also　that　any　power



which　by　means　of　a　protective　policy　has　attained　a　position　of



manufacturing　and　commercial　supremacy；　can　（after　she　has　attained



it）　revert　with　advantage　to　the　policy　of　free　trade。



　　　　In　the　argument　before　adverted　to；　as　in　every　other　when



international　freedom　of　trade　is　the　subject　of　discussion；　we



meet　with　a　misconception　which　has　been　the　parent　of　much　error；



occasioned　by　the　misuse　of　the　term　'freedom。'　Freedom　of　trade　is



spoken　of　in　the　same　terms　as　religious　freedom　and　municipal



freedom。　Hence　the　friends　and　advocates　of　freedom　feel　themselves



especially　bound　to　defend　freedom　in　all　its　forms。　And　thus　the



term　'free　trade'　has　become　popular　without　drawing　the　necessary



distinction　between　freedom　of　internal　trade　within　the　State　and



freedom　of　trade　between　separate　nations；　notwithstanding　that



these　two　in　their　nature　and　operation　are　as　distinct　as　the



heaven　is　from　the　earth。　For　while　restrictions　on　the　internal



trade　of　a　state　are　compatible　in　only　very　few　cases　with　the



liberty　of　individual　citizens；　in　the　case　of　international　trade



the　highest　degree　of　individual　liberty　may　consist　with　a　high



degree　of　protective　policy。　Indeed；　it　is　even　possible　that　the



greatest　freedom　of　international　trade　may　result　in　national



servitude；　as　we　hope　hereafter　to　show　from　the　case　of　Poland。　In



respect　to　this　Montesquieu　says　truly；　'Commerce　is　never



subjected　to　greater　restrictions　than　in　free　nations；　and　never



subjected　to　less　ones　than　in　those　under　despotic



government。'（10*）







NOTES：







1。　De　l'Ecluse；　Florence　et　ses　Vicissitudes；　pp。　23；　26；　32；　163；



213。







2。　Pechio；　Histoire　de　l'Economie　Politique　en　Italie。







3。　Amalfi　contained　at　the　period　of　her　prosperity　50；000



inhabitants。　Flavio　Guio；　the　inventor　of　the　mariner's　compass；



was　a　citizen　of　Amalfi。　It　was　the　sack　of　Amalfi　by　the　Pisans



（1135　or　1137）　that　that　ancient　book　was　discovered　which　later　on



became　so　injurious　to　the　freedom　and　energies　of　Germany　　the



Pandects。







4。　Hence　Charles　V　was　the　destroyer　of　commerce　and　industry　in



Italy；　as　he　was　also　in　the　Netherlands　and　in　Spain。　He　was　the



introducer　of　nobility　by　patent；　and　of　the　idea　that　it　was



disgraceful　for　the　nobility　to　carry　on　commerce　or　manufactures



　an　idea　which　had　the　most　destructive　influence　on　the　national



industry。　Before　his　time　the　contrary　idea　prevailed；　the　Medici



continued　to　be　engaged　in　commerce　long　after　they　had　become



sovereign　rulers。







5。　〃Quand　les　nobles；　au　lien　de　verser　leur　sang　pour　la　patrie；



au　lieu　d'illustrer　l'etat　par　des　victoires　et　de　l'agrandir　par



des　conquetes；　n'eurent　plus　qu'a　jouir　des　honneurs　et　a　se



partager　des　impots　on　dut　se　demander　pourquoi　il　y　avait　huit　ou



neuf　cents　habitants　de　Venice　qui　se　disaient　proprietaries　de



toute　la　Republique。〃　（Daru；　Histoire　de　Venise；　vol。　iv。　ch。



xviii。）







6。　Esprit　des　Lois；　p。　192。







7。　A　mere　charlatan；　Marco　Brasadino；　who　professed　to　have　the　art



of　making　gold；　was　welcomed　by　the　Venetian　aristocracy　as　a



saviour。　（Daru；　Histoire　de　Venise；　vol。　iii。　ch。　xix。）







8。　Venice；　as　Holland　and　England　subsequently　did；　made　use　of



every　opportunity　of　attracting　to　herself　manufacturing　industry



and　capital　from　foreign　states。　Also　a　considerable　number　of　silk



manufacturers　emigrated　to　Venice　from　Luces；　where　already　in　the



thirteenth　century　the　manufacturer　of　velvets　and　brocades　was



very　flourishing；　in　consequence　of　the　oppression　of　the　Lucchese



tyrant　Castruccio　Castracani。　（Sandu；　Histoire　de　Venise；　vol。　i。



pp。　247…256。）







9。　Sismondi；　Histoire　des　Republiques　Italiennes；　Pt。　I；　p。　285。







10。　Esprit　des　Lois；　livre　xx。　ch。　xii。







Chapter　2







The　Hansards











　　　　The　spirit　of　industry；　commerce；　and　liberty　having　attained



full　influence　in　Italy；　crossed　the　Alps；　permeated　Germany；　and



erected　for　itself　a　new　throne　on　the　shores　of　the　northern　seas；



the　Emperor　Henry　I；　the　father　of　the　liberator　of　the　Italian



municipalities；　promoted　the　founding　of　new　cities　and　the



enlargement　of　older　ones　which　were　already　partly　established　on



the　sites　of　the　ancient　Roman　colonies　and　partly　in　the　imperial



domains。



　　　　Like　the　kings　of　France　and　England　at　a　later　period；　he　and



his　successors　regarded　the　cities　as　the　strongest　counterpoise　to



the　aristocracy；　as　the　richest　source　of　revenue　to　the　State；　as



a　new　basis　for　national　defence。　By　means　of　their　commercial



relations　with　the　cities　of　Italy；　their　competition　with　Italian



industry；　and　their　free　institutions；　these　cities　soon　attained



to　a　high　degree　of　prosperity　and　civilisation。　Life　in　common



fellow…citizenship　created　a　spirit　of　progress　in　the　arts　and　in



manufacture；　as　well　as　zeal　to　achieve　distinction　by　wealth　and



by　enterprise；　while；　on　the　other　hand；　the　acquisition　of



material　wealth　stimulated　exertions　to　acquire　culture　and



improvement　in　their　political　condition。



　　　　Strong　through　the　power　of　youthful　freedom　and　of　flourishing



industry；　but　exposed　to　the　attacks　of　robbers　by　land　and　sea；



the　maritime　towns　of　Northern　Germany　soon　felt　the　necessity　of



a　closer　mutual　union　for　protection　and　defence。　With　this　object



Hamburg　and　L黚eck　formed　a　league　in　1241；　which　before　the　close



of　that　century　embraced　all　the　cities　of　any　importance　on　the



coasts　of　the　Baltic　and　North　Seas；　or　on　the　banks　of　the　Oder；



the　Elbe；　the　Weser；　and　the　Rhine　（eighty…five　in　all）。　This



confederation　adopted　the　title　of　the　'Hansa；'　which　in　the　Low



German　dialect　signifies　a　league。



　　　　Promptly　comprehending　what　advantages　the　industry　of



individuals　might　derive　from　a　union　of　their　forces；　the　Hansa



lost　no　time　in　developing　and　establishing　a　commercial　policy



which　resulted　in　a　degree　of　commercial　prosperity　previously



unexampled。　Perceiving　that　whatever　power　desires　to　create　and



maintain　an　extensive　maritime　commerce；　must　possess　the　means　of



defending　it；　they　created　a　powerful　navy；　being　further　convinced



that　the　naval　power　of　any　country　is　strong　or　weak　in　proportion



to　the　extent　of　its　mercantile　marine　and　its　sea　fisheries；　they



enacted　a　law　that　Hanseatic　goods　should　be　conveyed　only　on　board



Hanseatic　vessels；　and　established　extensive　sea　fisheries。　The



English　navigation　laws　were　copied　from　those　of　the　Hanseatic



League；　just　as　the　latter　were　an　imitation　of　those　of



Venice。（1*）



　　　　England　in　that　respect　only　followed