list1-第2章

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powers。



　　　　It　could　not　have　proved　a　difficult　task　to　a　well…organised



league　of　Italian　military　powers　to　defend　the　independence　of



Italy　against　the　aggression　of　the　great　monarchies。　The　attempt



to　form　such　a　league　was　actually　made　in　1526；　but　then　not　until



the　moment　of　actual　danger　and　only　for　temporary　defence。　The



lukewarmness　and　treachery　of　the　leaders　and　members　of　this



league　were　the　cause　of　the　subsequent　subjugation　of　Milan　and



the　fall　of　the　Tuscan　Republic。　From　that　period　must　be　dated　the



downfall　of　the　industry　and　commerce　of　Italy。（4*）



　　　　In　her　earlier　as　well　as　in　her　later　history　Venice　aimed　at



being　a　nation　for　herself　alone。　So　long　as　she　had　to　deal　only



with　petty　Italian　powers　or　with　decrepid　Greece；　she　had　no



difficulty　in　maintaining　a　supremacy　in　manufactures　and　commerce



through　the　countries　bordering　on　the　Mediterranean　and　Black



Seas。　As　soon；　however；　as　united　and　vigorous　nations　appeared　on



the　political　stage；　it　became　manifest　at　once　that　Venice　was



merely　a　city　and　her　aristocracy　only　a　municipal　one。　It　is　true



that　she　had　conquered　several　islands　and　even　extensive



provinces；　but　she　ruled　over　them　only　as　conquered　territory；　and



hence　（according　to　the　testimony　of　all　historians）　each　conquest



increased　her　weakness　instead　of　her　power　



　　　　At　the　same　period　the　spirit　within　the　Republic　by　which　she



had　grown　great　gradually　died　away。　The　power　and　prosperity　of



Venice　　the　work　of　a　patriotic　and　heroic　aristocracy　which　had



sprung　from　an　energetic　and　liberty…loving　democracy…maintained



itself　and　increased　so　long　as　the　freedom　of　democratic　energy



lent　it　support；　and　that　energy　was　guided　by　the　patriotism；　the



wisdom；　and　the　heroic　spirit　of　the　aristocracy。　But　in　proportion



as　the　aristocracy　became　a　despotic　oligarchy；　destructive　of　the



freedom　and　energies　of　the　people；　the　roots　of　power　and



prosperity　died　away；　notwithstanding　that　their　branches　and



leading　stem　appeared　still　to　flourish　for　some　time　longer。'（5*）



　　　　A　nation　which　has　fallen　into　slavery；'　says　Montesquieu；（6*）



'strives　rather　to　retain　what　it　possesses　than　to　acquire　more；



a　free　nation；　on　the　contrary；　strives　rather　to　acquire　than　to



retain。'　To　this　very　true　observation　he　might　have　added　　and



because　anyone　strives　only　to　retain　without　acquiring　he　must



come　to　grief；　for　every　nation　which　makes　no　forward　progress



sinks　lower　and　lower；　and　must　ultimately　fall。　Far　from　striving



to　extend　their　commerce　and　to　make　new　discoveries；　the　Venetians



never　even　conceived　the　idea　of　deriving　benefit　from　the



discoveries　made　by　other　nations。　That　they　could　be　excluded　from



the　trade　with　the　East　Indies　by　the　discovery　of　the　new



commercial　route　thither；　never　occurred　to　them　until　they



actually　experienced　it。　What　all　the　rest　of　the　world　perceived



they　would　not　believe；　and　when　they　began　to　find　out　the



injurious　results　of　the　altered　state　of　things；　they　strove　to



maintain　the　old　commercial　route　instead　of　seeking　to　participate



in　the　benefits　of　the　new　one；　they　endeavoured　to　maintain　by



petty　intrigues　what　could　only　be　won　by　making　wise　use　of　the



altered　circumstances　by　the　spirit　of　enterprise　and　by　hardihood。



And　when　they　at　length　had　lost　what　they　had　possessed；　and　the



wealth　of　the　East　and　West　indies　was　pouted　into　Cadiz　and　Lisbon



instead　of　into　their　own　ports；　like　simpletons　or　spendthrifts



they　turned　their　attention　to　alchemy。（7*）



　　　　In　the　times　when　the　Republic　grew　and　flourished；　to　be



inscribed　in　the　Golden　Book　was　regarded　as　a　reward　for



distinguished　exertions　in　commerce；　in　industry；　or　in　the　civil



or　military　service　of　the　State。　On　that　condition　this　honour　was



open　to　foreigners；　for　example；　to　the　most　distinguished　of　the



silk　manufacturers　who　had　immigrated　from　Florence。（8*）　But　that



book　was　closed　when　men　began　to　regard　places　of　honour　and　State



salaries　as　the　family　inheritance　of　the　patrician　class。　At　a



later　period；　when　men　recognised　the　necessity　of　giving　new　life



to　the　impoverished　and　enfeebled　aristocracy；　the　book　was



reopened。　But　the　chief　title　to　inscription　in　it　was　no　longer；



as　in　former　times；　to　have　rendered　services　to　the　State；　but　the



possession　of　wealth　and　noble　birth。　At　length　the　honour　of　being



inscribed　in　the　Golden　Book　was　so　little　esteemed；　that　it



remained　open　for　a　century　with　scarcely　any　additional　names。



　　　　If　we　inquire　of　History　what　were　the　causes　of　the　downfall



of　this　Republic　and　of　its　commerce；　she　replies　that　they



principally　consisted　in　the　folly；　neglect；　and　cowardice　of　a



worn…out　aristocracy；　and　in　the　apathy　of　a　people　who　had　sunk



into　slavery。　The　commerce　and　manufactures　of　Venice　must　have



declined；　even　if　the　new　route　round　the　Cape　of　Good　Hope　had



never　been　discovered。



　　　　The　cause　of　it；　as　of　the　fall　of　all　the　other　Italian



republics；　is　to　be　found　in　the　absence　of　national　unity；　in　the



domination　of　foreign　powers；　in　priestly　rule　at　home；　and　in　the



rise　of　other　greater；　more　powerful；　and　more　united　nationalities



in　Europe。



　　　　If　we　carefully　consider　the　commercial　policy　of　Venice；　we



see　at　a　glance　that　that　of　modern　commercial　and　manufacturing



nations　is　but　a　copy　of　that　of　Venice；　only　on　an　enlarged　（i。e。



a　national）　scale。　By　navigation　laws　and　customs　duties　in　each



case　native　vessels　and　native　manufactures　were　protected　against



those　of　foreigners；　and　the　maxim　thus　early　held　good　that　it　was



sound　policy　to　import　raw　materials　from　other　states　and　to



export　to　them　manufactured　goods。（9*）



　　　　It　has　been　recently　asserted　in　defence　of　the　principle　of



absolute　and　unconditional　free　trade；　that　her　protective　policy



was　the　cause　of　the　downfall　of　Venice。　That　assertion　comprises



a　little　truth　with　a　great　deal　of　error　if　we　investigate　the



history　of　Venice　with　an　unprejudiced　eye；　we　find　that　in　her



case；　as　in　that　of　the　great　kingdoms　at　a　later　period；　freedom



of　international　trade　as　well　as　restrictions　on　it　have　been



beneficial　or　prejudicial　to　the　power　and　prosperity　of　the　State



at　different　epochs。　Unrestricted　freedom　of　trade　was　beneficial



to　the　Republic　in　the　first　years　of　her　existence；　for　how



otherwise　could　she　have　raised　herself　from　a　mere　fishing　village



to　a　commercial　power？　But　a　protective　policy　was　also　beneficial



to　her　when　she　had　arrived　at　a　certain　stage　of　power　and　wealth；



for　by　means　of　it　she　attained　to　manufacturing　and　commercial



supremacy。　Protection　first　became　injurious　to　her　when　her



manufacturing　and　commercial　power　had　reached　that　supremacy；



because　by　it　all　competition　with　other　nations　became　absolutely



excluded；　and　thus　indolence　was　encouraged。　Therefore；　not　the



introduction　of　a　protective　policy；　but　perseverance　in



maintaining　it　after　the　reasons　for　its　introduction　had　passed



away；　was　really　injurious　to　Venice。



　　　　Hence　the　argument　to　which　we　have　adverted　has　this　great



fault；　that　it　takes　no　account　of　the　rise　of　great　nations　under



hereditary　monarchy。　Venice；　although　mistress　of　some　provinces



and　islands；　yet　being　all　the　time　merely　one　Italian　city；　stood



in　competition；　at　the　period　of　her　rise　to　a　manufacturing　and



commercial　power；　merely　with　other　Italian　cities；　and　her



prohibitory　commercial　policy　could　benefit　her　so　long　only