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                       ON LONGEVITY AND SHORTNESS OF LIFE



                                  by Aristotle



                          translated by G。 R。 T。 Ross



                                 1







  THE reasons for some animals being long…lived and others



short…lived; and; in a word; causes of the length and brevity of



life call for investigation。



  The necessary beginning to our inquiry is a statement of the



difficulties about these points。 For it is not clear whether in



animals and plants universally it is a single or diverse cause that



makes some to be long…lived; others short…lived。 Plants too have in



some cases a long life; while in others it lasts but for a year。



  Further; in a natural structure are longevity and a sound



constitution coincident; or is shortness of life independent of



unhealthiness? Perhaps in the case of certain maladies a diseased



state of the body and shortness of life are interchangeable; while



in the case of others ill…health is perfectly compatible with long



life。



  Of sleep and waking we have already treated; about life and death we



shall speak later on; and likewise about health and disease; in so far



as it belongs to the science of nature to do so。 But at present we



have to investigate the causes of some creatures being long…lived; and



others short…lived。 We find this distinction affecting not only entire



genera opposed as wholes to one another; but applying also to



contrasted sets of individuals within the same species。 As an instance



of the difference applying to the genus I give man and horse (for



mankind has a longer life than the horse); while within the species



there is the difference between man and man; for of men also some



are long…lived; others short…lived; differing from each other in



respect of the different regions in which they dwell。 Races inhabiting



warm countries have longer life; those living in a cold climate live a



shorter time。 Likewise there are similar differences among individuals



occupying the same locality。







                                 2







  In order to find premisses for our argument; we must answer the



question; What is that which; in natural objects; makes them easily



destroyed; or the reverse? Since fire and water; and whatsoever is



akin thereto; do not possess identical powers they are reciprocal



causes of generation and decay。 Hence it is natural to infer that



everything else arising from them and composed of them should share in



the same nature; in all cases where things are not; like a house; a



composite unity formed by the synthesis of many things。



  In other matters a different account must be given; for in many



things their mode of dissolution is something peculiar to



themselves; e。g。 in knowledge and health and disease。 These pass



away even though the medium in which they are found is not destroyed



but continues to exist; for example; take the termination of



ignorance; which is recollection or learning; while knowledge passes



away into forgetfulness; or error。 But accidentally the disintegration



of a natural object is accompanied by the destruction of the



non…physical reality; for; when the animal dies; the health or



knowledge resident in it passes away too。 Hence from these



considerations we may draw a conclusion about the soul too; for; if



the inherence of soul in body is not a matter of nature but like



that of knowledge in the soul; there would be another mode of



dissolution pertaining to it besides that which occurs when the body



is destroyed。 But since evidently it does not admit of this dual



dissolution; the soul must stand in a different case in respect of its



union with the body。







                                 3







  Perhaps one might reasonably raise the question whether there is any



place where what is corruptible becomes incorruptible; as fire does in



the upper regions where it meets with no opposite。 Opposites destroy



each other; and hence accidentally; by their destruction; whatsoever



is attributed to them is destroyed。 But no opposite in a real



substance is accidentally destroyed; because real substance is not



predicated of any subject。 Hence a thing which has no opposite; or



which is situated where it has no opposite; cannot be destroyed。 For



what will that be which can destroy it; if destruction comes only



through contraries; but no contrary to it exists either absolutely



or in the particular place where it is? But perhaps this is in one



sense true; in another sense not true; for it is impossible that



anything containing matter should not have in any sense an opposite。



Heat and straightness can be present in every part of a thing; but



it is impossible that the thing should be nothing but hot or white



or straight; for; if that were so; attributes would have an



independent existence。 Hence if; in all cases; whenever the active and



the passive exist together; the one acts and the other is acted on; it



is impossible that no change should occur。 Further; this is so if a



waste product is an opposite; and waste must always be produced; for



opposition is always the source of change; and refuse is what



remains of the previous opposite。 But; after expelling everything of a



nature actually opposed; would an object in this case also be



imperishable? No; it would be destroyed by the environment。



  If then that is so; what we have said sufficiently accounts for



the change; but; if not; we must assume that something of actually



opposite character is in the changing object; and refuse is produced。



  Hence accidentally a lesser flame is consumed by a greater one;



for the nutriment; to wit the smoke; which the former takes a long



period to expend; is used up by the big flame quickly。



  Hence 'too' all things are at all times in a state of transition and



are coming into being and passing away。 The environment acts on them



either favourably or antagonistically; and; owing to this; things that



change their situation become more or less enduring than their



nature warrants; but never are they eternal when they contain contrary



qualities; for their matter is an immediate source of contrariety;



so that if it involves locality they show change of situation; if



quantity; increase and diminution; while if it involves qualitative



affection we find alteration of character。







                                 4







  We find that a superior immunity from decay attaches neither to



the largest animals (the horse has shorter life than man) nor to those



that are small (for most insects live but for a year)。 Nor are



plants as a whole less liable to perish than animals (many plants



are annuals); nor have sanguineous animals the pre…eminence (for the



bee is longer…lived than certain sanguineous animals)。 Neither is it



the bloodless animals that live longest (for molluscs live only a



year; though bloodless); nor terrestrial organisms (there are both



plants and terrestrial animals of which a single year is the



period); nor the occupants of the sea (for there we find the



crustaceans and the molluscs; which are short…lived)。



  Speaking generally; the longest…lived things occur among the plants;



e。g。 the date…palm。 Next in order we find them among the sanguineous



animals rather than among the bloodless; and among those with feet



rather than among the denizens of the water。 Hence; taking these two



characters together; the longest…lived animals fall among



sanguineous animals which have feet; e。g。 man and elephant。 As a



matter of fact also it is a general rule that the larger live longer



than the smaller; for the other long…lived animals too happen to be of



a large size; as are also those I have mentioned。







                                 5







  The followin

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