north america-2-第62章
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ruel and unusual punishments inflicted。 In all which enactments we see； I think； a close resemblance to those which have been time honored among ourselves。 The remaining amendments apply to the mode in which the President and Vice…President shall be elected； and of them I have already spoken。 The Constitution is signed by Washington as Presidentas President and Deputy from Virginia。 It is signed by deputies from all the other States； except Rhode Island。 Among the signatures is that of Alexander Hamilton； from New York； of Franklin； heading a crowd in Pennsylvania； in the capital of which State the convention was held； and that of James Madison； the future President； from Virginia。 In the beginning of this chapter I have spoken of the splendid results attained by those who drew up the Constitution； and then； as though in opposition to the praise thus given to their work； I have insisted throughout the chapter both on the insufficiency of the Constitution and on the breaches to which it has been subjected。 I have declared my opinion that it is inefficient for some of its required purposes； and have said that； whether inefficient or efficient； it has been broken and in some degree abandoned。 I maintain； however； that in this I have not contradicted myself。 A boy； who declares his purpose of learning the AEneid by heart； will be held as being successful if at the end of the given period he can repeat eleven books out of the twelve。 Nevertheless the reporter； in summing up the achievement； is bound to declare that that other book has not been learned。 Under this Constitution of which I have been speaking； the American people have achieved much material success and great political power。 As a people they have been happy and prosperous。 Their freedom has been secured to them； and for a period of seventy…five years they have lived and prospered without subjection to any form of tyranny。 This in itself is much； and should； I think； be held as a preparation for greater things to follow。 Such； I think； should be our opinion； although the nation is at the present burdened by so heavy a load of troubles。 That any written constitution should serve its purposes and maintain its authority in a nation for a dozen years is in itself much for its framers。 Where are now the constitutions which were written for France？ But this Constitution has so wound itself into the affections of the people； has become a mark for such reverence and love； has； after a trial of three…quarters of a century； so recommended itself to the judgment of men； that the difficulty consists in touching it； not in keeping it。 Eighteen or twenty millions of people who have lived under it；in what way do they regard it？ Is not that the best evidence that can be had respecting it？ Is it to them an old woman's story； a useless parchment； a thing of old words at which all must now smile？ Heaven mend them； if they reverence it more； as I fear they do； than they reverence their Bible。 For them； after seventy…five years of trial； it has almost the weight of inspiration。 In this respect； with reference to this worship of the work of their forefathers； they may be in error。 But that very error goes far to prove the excellence of the code。 When a man has walked for six months over stony ways in the same boots； he will be believed when he says that his boots are good boots。 No assertion to the contrary from any by…stander will receive credence； even though it be shown that a stitch or two has come undone； and that some required purpose has not effectually been carried out。 The boots have carried the man over his stony roads for six months； and they must be good boots。 And so I say that the Constitution must be a good constitution。 As to that positive breach of the Constitution which has； as I maintain； been committed by the present government； although I have been at some trouble to prove it； I must own that I do not think very much of it。 It is to be lamented； but the evil admits； I think； of easy repair。 It has happened at a period of unwonted difficulty； when the minds of men were intent rather on the support of that nationality which guarantees their liberties； than on the enjoyment of those liberties themselves； and the fault may be pardoned if it be acknowledged。 But it is essential that it should be acknowledged。 In such a matter as that there should at any rate be no doubt。 Now； in this very year of the rebellion； it may be well that no clamor against government should arise from the people； and thus add to the difficulties of the nation。 But it will be bad； indeed； for the nation if such a fault shall have been committed by this government and shall be allowed to pass unacknowledged； unrebukedas though it were a virtue and no fault。 I cannot but think that the time will soon come in which Mr。 Seward's reading of the Constitution and Mr。 Lincoln's assumption of illegal power under that reading will receive a different construction in the States than that put upon it by Mr。 Binney。 But I have admitted that the Constitution itself is not perfect。 It seems to me that it requires to be amended on two separate points especially on two； and I cannot but acknowledge that there would be great difficulty in making such amendments。 That matter of direct taxation is the first。 As to that I shall speak again in referring to the financial position of the country。 I think； however； that it must be admitted； in any discussion held on the Constitution of the United States； that the theory of taxation as there laid down will not suffice for the wants of a great nation。 If the States are to maintain their ground as a great national power； they must agree among themselves to bear the cost of such greatness。 While a custom duty was sufficient for the public wants of the United States； this fault in the Constitution was not felt。 But now that standing armies have been inaugurated； that iron…clad ships are held as desirable； that a great national debt has been founded； custom duties will suffice no longer； nor will excise duties suffice。 Direct taxation must be levied； and such taxation cannot be fairly levied without a change in the Constitution。 But such a change may be made in direct accordance with the spirit of the Constitution； and the necessity for such an alteration cannot be held as proving any inefficiency in the original document for the purposes originally required。 As regards the other point which seems to me to require amendment； I must acknowledge that I am about to express simply my own opinion。 Should Americans read what I write； they may probably say that I am recommending them to adopt the blunders made by the English in their practice of government。 Englishmen； on the other hand； may not improbably conceive that a system which works well here under a monarchy； would absolutely fail under a presidency of four years' duration。 Nevertheless I will venture to suggest that the government of the United States would be improved in all respects if the gentlemen forming the President's cabinet were admitted to seats in Congress。 At present they are virtually irresponsible。 They are constitutionally little more than head clerks。 This was all very well while the government of the United States was as yet a small thing； but now it is no longer a small thing。 The President himself cannot do all； nor can he be in truth responsible for all。 A cabinet； such as is our cabinet； is necessary to him。 Such a cabinet does exist； and the members of it take upon themselves the honors which are given to our cabinet ministers。 But they are exempted from all that parliamentary contact which； in fact； gives to our cabinet ministers their adroitness； their responsibility； and their position in the country。 On this subject also I must say another word or two farther on。 But how am I to excuse the Constitution on those points as to which it has； as I have said； fallen through； in respect to which it has shown itself to be inefficient by the weakness of its own words？ Seeing that all the executive power is intrusted to the President； it is especially necessary that the choice of the President should be guarded by constitutional enactments； that the President should be c
