north america-2-第25章
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ition； more intelligent in adapting themselves to a new life than are Englishmen of the same rank。 It is always the same story。 With us there is no level of society。 Men stand on a long staircase； but the crowd congregates near the bottom； and the lower steps are very broad。 In America men stand upon a common platform； but the platform is raised above the ground； though it does not approach in height the top of our staircase。 If we take the average altitude in the two countries； we shall find that the American heads are the more elevated of the two。 I conceived rather an affection for those dirty teamsters； they answered me civilly when I spoke to them； and sat in quietness； smoking their pipes； with a dull and dirty but orderly demeanor。 The country about Lexington is called the Blue Grass Region； and boasts itself as of peculiar fecundity in the matter of pasturage。 Why the grass is called blue； or in what way or at what period it becomes blue； I did not learn； but the country is very lovely and very fertile。 Between Lexington and Frankfort a large stock farm； extending over three thousand acres； is kept by a gentleman who is very well known as a breeder of horses； cattle； and sheep。 He has spent much money on it； and is making for himself a Kentucky elysium。 He was kind enough to entertain me for awhile； and showed me something of country life in Kentucky。 A farm in that part of the State depends； and must depend； chiefly on slave labor。 The slaves are a material part of the estate； and as they are regarded by the law as real propertybeing actually adstricti glebaean inheritor of land has no alternative but to keep them。 A gentleman in Kentucky does not sell his slaves。 To do so is considered to be low and mean； and is opposed to the aristocratic traditions of the country。 A man who does so willingly； puts himself beyond the pale of good fellowship with his neighbors。 A sale of slaves is regarded as a sign almost of bankruptcy。 If a man cannot pay his debts； his creditors can step in and sell his slaves； but he does not himself make the sale。 When a man owns more slaves than he needs； he hires them out by the year； and when he requires more than he owns； he takes them on hire by the year。 Care is taken in such hirings not to remove a married man away from his home。 The price paid for a negro's labor at the time of my visit was about a hundred dollars； or twenty pounds for the year； but this price was then extremely low in consequence of the war disturbances。 The usual price had been about fifty or sixty per cent。 above this。 The man who takes the negro on hire feeds him； clothes him； provides him with a bed； and supplies him with medical attendance。 I went into some of their cottages on the estate which I visited； and was not in the least surprised to find them preferable in size； furniture； and all material comforts to the dwellings of most of our own agricultural laborers。 Any comparison between the material comfort of a Kentucky slave and an English ditcher and delver would be preposterous。 The Kentucky slave never wants for clothing fitted to the weather。 He eats meat twice a day； and has three good meals； he knows no limit but his own appetite； his work is light； he has many varieties of amusement； he has instant medical assistance at all periods of necessity for himself； his wife； and his children。 Of course he pays no rent； fears no baker； and knows no hunger。 I would not have it supposed that I conceive slavery with all these comforts to be equal to freedom without them； nor do I conceive that the negro can be made equal to the white man。 But in discussing the condition of the negro； it is necessary that we should understand what are the advantages of which abolition would deprive him； and in what condition he has been placed by the daily receipt of such advantages。 If a negro slave wants new shoes； he asks for them； and receives them； with the undoubting simplicity of a child。 Such a state of things has its picturesquely patriarchal side； but what would be the state of such a man if he were emancipated to…morrow？ The natural beauty of the place which I was visiting was very great。 The trees were fine and well scattered over the large； park…like pastures； and the ground was broken on every side into hills。 There was perhaps too much timber； but my friend seemed to think that that fault would find a natural remedy only too quickly。 〃I do not like to cut down trees if I can help it；〃 he said。 After that I need not say that my host was quite as much an Englishman as an American。 To the purely American farmer a tree is simply an enemy to be trodden under foot； and buried underground； or reduced to ashes and thrown to the winds with what most economical dispatch may be possible。 If water had been added to the landscape here it would have been perfect； regarding it as ordinary English park…scenery。 But the little rivers at this place have a dirty trick of burying themselves under the ground。 They go down suddenly into holes； disappearing from the upper air； and then come up again at the distance of perhaps half a mile。 Unfortunately their periods of seclusion are more prolonged than those of their upper…air distance。 There were three or four such ascents and descents about the place。 My host was a breeder of race…horses； and had imported sires from England； of sheep also； and had imported famous rams； of cattle too； and was great in bulls。 He was very loud in praise of Kentucky and its attractions； if only this war could be brought to an end。 But I could not obtain from him an assurance that the speculation in which he was engaged had been profitable。 Ornamental farming in England is a very pretty amusement for a wealthy man； but I fancywithout intending any slight on Mr。 Mechithat the amusement is expensive。 I believe that the same thing may be said of it in a slave State。 Frankfort is the capital of Kentucky； and is as quietly dull a little town as I ever entered。 It is on the River Kentucky； and as the grounds about it on every side rise in wooded hills； it is a very pretty place。 In January it was very pretty； but in summer it must be lovely。 I was taken up to the cemetery there by a path along the river； and am inclined to say that it is the sweetest resting…place for the dead that I have ever visited。 Daniel Boone lies there。 He was the first white man who settled in Kentucky； or rather； perhaps； the first who entered Kentucky with a view to a white man's settlement。 Such frontier men as was Daniel Boone never remained long contented with the spots they opened。 As soon as he had left his mark in that territory he went again farther west； over the big rivers into Missouri； and there he died。 But the men of Kentucky are proud of Daniel Boone； and so they have buried him in the loveliest spot they could select； immediately over the river。 Frankfort is worth a visit； if only that this grave and graveyard may be seen。 The legislature of the State was not sitting when I was there； and the grass was growing in the streets。 Louisville is the commercial city of the State； and stands on the Ohio。 It is another great town； like all the others； built with high stores； and great houses and stone…faced blocks。 I have no doubt that all the building speculations have been failures； and that the men engaged in them were all ruined。 But there； as the result of their labor； stands a fair great city on the southern banks of the Ohio。 Here General Buell held his headquarters； but his army lay at a distance。 On my return from the West I visited one of the camps of this army； and will speak of it as I speak of my backward journey。 I had already at this time begun to conceive an opinion that the armies in Kentucky and in Missouri would do at any rate as much for the Northern cause as that of the Potomac； of which so much more had been heard in England。 While I was at Louisville the Ohio was flooded。 It had begun to rise when I was at Cincinnati； and since then had gone on increasing hourly； rising inch by inch up into the towns upon its bank。 I visited two suburbs of Louisville； both of which were submerged； as to the streets and ground floors of the houses。 At Shipping Port； one of these
