thoughts on man-第72章
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travelling of light； and the rest； which even the most cautious and sceptical of the retainers of modern astronomy； find themselves compelled to receive。
But I shall be told； that the results of our observations of the distances of the heavenly bodies are unvaried。 We have measured the distances and other phenomena of the sun； the moon； Mercury； Venus； Mars； Jupiter； Saturn； and their satellites； and they all fall into a grand system； so as to convey to every unprejudiced mind the conviction that this system is the truth itself。 If we look at them day after day； and year after year； we see them for ever the same； and performing the same divine harmony。 Successive astronomers in different ages and countries have observed the celestial orbs； and swept the heavens； and for ever bring us back the same story of the number； the dimensions； the distances； and the arrangement of the heavenly bodies which form the subject of astronomical science。
This we have seen indeed not to be exactly the case。 But； if it were； it would go a very little way towards proving the point it was brought to prove。 It would shew that； the sensations and results being similar； the causes of those results must be similar to each other； but it would not shew that the causes were similar to the sensations produced。 Thus； in the sensations which belong to taste； smell； sound； colour； and to those of heat and cold； there is all the uniformity which would arise； when the real external causes bore the most exact similitude to the perceptions they generate； and yet it is now universally confessed that tastes； scents； sounds； colours； and heat and cold do not exist out of ourselves。 All that we are entitled therefore to conclude as to the magnitudes and distances of the heavenly bodies； is； that the causes of our sensations and perceptions； whatever they are； are not less uniform than the sensations and perceptions themselves。
It is further alleged； that we calculate eclipses； and register the various phenomena of the heavenly bodies。 Thales predicted an eclipse of the sun； which took place nearly six hundred years before the Christian era。 The Babylonians； the Persians； the Hindoos； and the Chinese early turned their attention to astronomy。 Many of their observations were accurately recorded； and their tables extend to a period of three thousand years before the birth of Christ。 Does not all this strongly argue the solidity of the science to which they belong？ Who； after this； will have the presumption to question； that the men who profess astronomy proceed on real grounds； and have a profound knowledge of these things； which at first sight might appear to be set at a distance so far removed from our ken？
The answer to this is easy。 I believe in all the astronomy that was believed by Thales。 I do not question the statements relative to the heavenly bodies that were delivered by the wise men of the East。 But the supposed discoveries that were made in the eighteenth； and even in the latter part of the seventeenth century； purporting to ascertain the precise distance of the sun； the planets； and even of the fixed stars； are matters entirely distinct from this。
Among the earliest astronomers of Greece were Thales； Anaximander； Anaximenes and Anaxagoras。 Thales； we are told； held that the earth is a sphere or globe； Anaximenes that it is like a round； flat table； Anaximander that the sun is like a chariot…wheel； and is twenty…eight times larger than the earth。 Anaxagoras was put in prison for affirming that the sun was by many degrees larger than the whole Peloponnesus＇66＇。 Kepler is of opinion that all the stars are at an equal distance from us； and are fixed in the same surface or sphere。
＇66＇ Plutarch； De Placitis Philosophorum。 Diogenes Laertius。
In reality the observations and the facts of astronomy do not depend either upon the magnitudes or the distances of the heavenly bodies。 They proceed in the first place upon what may lie seen with the naked eye。 They require an accurate and persevering attention。 They may be assisted by telescopes。 But they relate only to the sun and the planets。 We are bound to ascertain； as nearly as possible； the orbits described by the different bodies in the solar system： but this has still nothing to do； strictly speaking； with their magnitudes or distances。 It is required that we should know them in their relations to each other； but it is no preliminary of just； of practical； it might almost be said； of liberal science； that we should know any thing of them absolutely。
The unlimited ambition of the nature of man has discovered itself in nothing more than this； the amazing superstructure which the votaries of contemplation within the last two hundred years have built upon the simple astronomy of the ancients。 Having begun to compute the distances of miles by millions； it appears clearly that nothing can arrest the more than eagle…flight of the human mind。 The distance of the nearest fixed star from the earth； we are informed； is at least 7；000；000；000；000 miles； and of another which the astronomers name； not less than 38 millions of millions of miles。 The particles of light are said to travel 193；940 miles in every second； which is above a million times swifter than the progress of a cannon…ball＇67＇。 And Herschel has concluded； that the light issuing from the faintest nebulae he has discovered； must have been at this rate two millions of years in reaching the Barth＇68＇。
＇67＇ Ferguson； Section 216。 〃Light moves；〃 says Brewster； Optics； p。 2； 〃from one pole of the earth to the other in the 24th part of a second： a velocity which surpasses all comprehension。
＇68＇ Brinkley； Astronomy； p。 130。
SECTION III。
The next process of the modern astronomer is to affirm the innumerable orbs around us； discovered with the naked eye； or with which we are made acquainted by the aid of telescopes； to be all stocked with rational inhabitants。 The argument for this is； that an all…wise and omnipotent creator could never have produced such immense bodies； dispersed through infinite space； for any meaner purpose； than that of peopling them with 〃intelligent beings； formed for endless progression in perfection and felicity＇69＇。〃
＇69＇ See above； Essay XXI。
Now it appears to me； that； in these assertions； the modern astronomers are taking upon themselves somewhat too boldly； to expound the counsels of that mysterious power； to which the universe is indebted for its arrangement and order。
We know nothing of God but from his works。 Certain speculative men have adventured to reason upon the source of all the system and the wonders that we behold； a priori； and； having found that the creator is all powerful； all wise； and of infinite goodness； according to their ideas of power； wisdom and goodness； have from thence proceeded to draw their inferences； and to shew us in what manner the works of his hands are arranged and conducted by him。 This no doubt they have done with the purest intentions in the world； but it is not certain； that their discretion has equalled the boldness of their undertaking。
The world that we inhabit； this little globe of earth； is to us an infinite mystery。 Human imagination is unable to conceive any thing more consummate than the great outline of things below。 The trees and the skies； the mountains and the seas； the rivers and the springs； appear as if the design had been to realise the idea of paradise。 The freshness of the air； the silvery light of day； the magnificence of the clouds； the gorgeous and soothing colouring of the world； the profusion and exquisiteness of the fruits and flowers of the earth； are as if nothing but joy and delicious sensations had been intended for us。 When we ascend to the animal creation； the scene is still more admirable and transporting。 The birds and the beasts； the insects that skim the air； and the fishes that live in the great deep； are a magazine of wonders； that we may study for ever； without fear of arriving at the end of their excellence。 Last of all； comes the crown of the creation； man； formed with looks erect； to commerce with the skies。 What a masterpiece of workmanship is his form； while the beauty and int
