the canadian dominion-第42章
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ates were led more and more to pool their united resources; to cooperate in finance and in the supply of coal; iron; steel; wheat; and other war essentials; countless new strands were woven into the bond that held the two countries together。 Nor was it material unity alone that was attained; in the utterances of the head of the Republic the highest aspirations of Canadians for the future ordering of the world found incomparable expression。
Canada had done what she could to assure the triumph of right in the war。 Not less did she believe that she had a contribution to make toward that new ordering of the world after the war which alone could compensate her for the blood and treasure she had spent。 It would be her mission to bind together in friendship and common aspirations the two larger English…speaking states; with one of which she was linked by history and with the other by geography。 To the world in general Canada had to offer that achievement of difference in unity; that reconciliation of liberty with peace and order; which the British Empire was struggling to attain along paths in which the Dominion had been the chief pioneer。 〃In the British Commonwealth of Nations;〃 declared General Smuts; 〃this transition from the old legalistic idea of political sovereignty based on force to the new social idea of constitutional freedom based on consent; has been gradually evolving for more than a century。 And the elements of the future world government; which will no longer rest on the imperial ideas adopted from the Roman law; are already in operation in our Commonwealth of Nations and will rapidly develop in the near future。〃 This may seem an idealistic aim; yet; as Canada's Prime Minister asked a New York audience in 1916; 〃What great and enduring achievement has the world ever accomplished that was not based on idealism?〃
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
For the whole period since 1760 the most comprehensive and thorough work is 〃Canada and its Provinces〃; edited by A。 Shortt and A。 G。 Doughty; 23 vols。 (1914)。 W。 Kingsford's 〃History of Canada〃; 10 vols。 (1887…1898); is badly written but is an ample storehouse of material。 The 〃Chronicles of Canada〃 series (1914…1916) covers the whole field in a number of popular volumes; of which several are listed below。 F。 X。 Garneau's 〃Histoire du Canada〃 (1845…1848; new edition; edited by Hector Garneau; 1913…); the classical French…Canadian record of the development of Canada down to 1840; is able and moderate in tone; though considered by some critics not sufficiently appreciative of the Church。
Of brief surveys of Canada's history the best are W。 L。 Grant's 〃History of Canada〃 (1914) and H。 E。 Egerton's 〃Canada〃 (1908)。
The primary sources are abundant。 The Dominion Archives have made a remarkable collection of original official and private papers and of transcripts of documents from London and Paris。 See D。 W。 Parker; 〃A Guide to the Documents in the Manuscript Room at the Public Archives of Canada〃 (1914)。 Many of these documents are calendared in the 〃Report on Canadian Archives〃 (1882 to date); and complete reprints; systematically arranged and competently annotated; are being issued by the Archives Branch; of which A。 Shortt and A。 G。 Doughty; 〃Documents Relating to the Constitutional History of Canada〃; 1759…1791; and Doughty and McArthur; 〃Documents Relating to the Constitutional History of Canada〃; 1791…1818; have already appeared。 A useful collection of speeches and dispatches is found in H。 E。 Egerton and W。 L。 Grant; 〃Canadian Constitutional Development〃 (1907); and W。 P。 M。 Kennedy has edited a somewhat larger collection; 〃Documents of the Canadian Constitution〃; 1759…1915 (1918)。 The later Sessional Papers and Hansards or Parliamentary Debates are easily accessible。 Files of the older newspapers; such as the Halifax 〃Chronicle〃 (1820 to date; with changes of title); Montreal 〃Gazette〃 (1778 to date); Toronto 〃Globe〃 (1844 to date); 〃Manitoba Free Press〃 (1879 to date); Victoria 〃Colonist〃 (1858 to date); are invaluable。 〃The Dominion Annual Register and Review〃; ed。 by H。 J。 Morgan; 8 vols。 (1879…1887) and 〃The Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs〃; by John Castell Hopkins (1901 to date); are useful for the periods covered。
For the first chapter; Sir Charles P。 Lucas; 〃A History of Canada〃; 1765…1812 (1909) and A。 G。 Bradley; 〃The Making of Canada〃 (1908) are the best single volumes。 William Wood; 〃The Father of British Canada〃 (〃Chronicles of Canada〃; 1916); records Carleton's defense of Canada in the Revolutionary War; and Justin H。 Smith's 〃Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony〃 (1907) is a scholarly and detailed account of the same period from an American standpoint。 Victor Con's 〃The Province of Quebec and the Early American Revolution〃 (1896); with a review of the same by Adam Shortt in the 〃Review of Historical Publications Relating to Canada〃; vol。 1 (University of Toronto; 1897); and C。 W。 Alvord's 〃The Mississippi Valley in British Politics〃; 2 vols。 (1917) should be consulted for an interpretation of the Quebec Act。 For the general reader; W。 S。 Wallace's 〃The United Empire Loyalists〃 (〃Chronicles of Canada〃; 1914) supersedes the earlier Canadian compilations; C。 H。 Van Tyne's 〃The Loyalists in the American Revolution〃 (1902) and A。 C。 Flick's 〃Loyalism in New York during the American Revolution〃 (1901) embody careful researches by two American scholars。 The War of 1812 is most competently treated by William Wood in 〃The War with the United States〃 (〃Chronicles of Canada〃; 1915); the naval aspects are sketched in Theodore Roosevelt's 〃The Naval War of 1812〃 (1882) and analyzed scientifically in A。 T。 Mahan's 〃Sea Power in its Relations to the War of 1812〃 (1905)。
For the period; 1815…1841; W。 S。 Wallace's 〃The Family Compact〃 (〃Chronicles of Canada〃; 1915) and A。 D。 De Celles's 〃The Patriotes of '37〃 (〃Chronicles of Canada〃; 1916) are the most concise summaries。 J。 C。 Dent's 〃The Story of the Upper Canadian Rebellion〃 (1885) is biased but careful and readable。 〃William Lyon Mackenzie〃; by Charles Lindsey; revised by G。 G。 S。 Lindsey (1908); is a sober defense of Mackenzie by his son…in…law and grandson。 Robert Christie's 〃A History of the Late Province of Lower Canada〃; 6 vols。 (1848…1866) preserves much contemporary material。 There are few secondary books taking the anti…popular side: T。 C。 Haliburton's 〃The Bubbles of Canada〃 (1839) records Sam Slick's opposition to reform; C。 W。 Robinson's 〃Life of Sir John Beverley Robinson〃 (1904) is a lifeless record of the greatest Compact leader。 Lord Durham's 〃Report on the Affairs of British North America〃 (1839; available in Methuen reprint; 1902; or with introduction and notes by Sir Charles Lucas; 3 vols。; 1912) is indispensable。 For the Union period there are several political biographies available。 G。 M。 Wrong's 〃The Earl of Elgin〃 (1905); John Lewis's 〃George Brown〃 (1906); W。 L。 Grant's 〃The Tribune of Nova Scotia〃 (〃Chronicles of Canada〃; 1915); J。 Pope's 〃Memoirs of the Right Honourable Sir John Alexander Macdonald〃; 2 vols。 (1894); J。 Boyd's 〃Sir George Etienne Cartier〃 (1914); and O。 D。 Skelton's 〃Life and Times of Sir A。 T。 Galt〃 (1919); cover the political developments from various angles。 A。 H。 U。 Colquhoun's 〃The Fathers of Confederation〃 (〃Chronicles of Canada〃; 1916) is a clear and impartial account of the achievement of Confederation; while M。 O。 Hammond's 〃Canadian Confederation and its Leaders〃 (1917) records the service of each of its chief architects。
For the years since Confederation biographies again give the most accessible record。 Sir John S。 Willison's 〃Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party〃 (1903) is the best political biography yet written in Canada。 Sir Richard Cartwright's Reminiscences (1912) reflects that statesman's individual and pungent views of affairs; while Sir Charles Tupper's 〃Recollections of Sixty Years〃 (1914) and John Castell Hopkins's 〃Life and Work of Sir John Thompson〃 (1895) give a Conservative version of the period。 Sir Joseph Pope's 〃The Day of Sir John Macdonald〃 (〃Chronicles of Canada〃; 1915); and O。 D。 Skelton's 〃The Day of Sir Wilfrid Laurier〃 (〃Chronicles of Canada〃; 1916) between them cover the whole period briefly。 L。 J。 Burpee's 〃Sandford Flemin