the canadian dominion-第24章

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l　assumed　control。　The　Ottawa　authorities　first　tried　persuasion　and　sent　a　commission　of　three；　Donald　A。　Smith　（afterwards　Lord　Strathcona）；　Colonel　de　Salaberry；　and　Vicar　General　Thibault。　Smith　was　gradually　restoring　unity　and　order；　when　the　act　of　Riel　in　shooting　Thomas　Scott；　an　Ontario　settler　and　a　member　of　the　powerful　Orange　order；　set　passions　flaring。　Mgr。　Tache；　the　Catholic　bishop　of　the　diocese；　on　his　return　aided　in　quieting　the　metis。　Delegates　were　sent　by　the　Provisional　Government　to　Ottawa；　and；　though　not　officially　recognized；　they　influenced　the　terms　of　settlement。　An　expedition　under　Colonel　Wolseley　marched　through　the　wilderness　north　of　Lake　Superior　only　to　find　that　Riel　and　his　lieutenants　had　fled。　By　the　Manitoba　Act　the　Red　River　country　was　admitted　to　Confederation　as　a　self…governing　province；　under　the　name　of　Manitoba；　while　the　country　west　to　the　Rockies　was　given　territorial　status。　The　Indian　tribes　were　handled　with　tact　and　justice；　but　though　for　the　time　the　danger　of　armed　resistance　had　passed；　the　embers　of　discontent　were　not　wholly　quenched。

The　extension　of　Canadian　sovereignty　beyond　the　Rockies　came　about　in　quieter　fashion。　After　Mackenzie　had　shown　the　way；　Simon　Fraser　and　David　Thompson　and　other　agents　of　the　NorthWest　Company　took　up　the　work　of　exploration　and　fur　trading。　With　the　union　of　the　two　rival　companies　in　1821；　the　Hudson's　Bay　Company　became　the　sole　authority　on　the　Pacific　coast。　Settlers　straggled　in　slowly　until；　in　the　late　fifties；　the　discovery　of　rich　placer　gold　on　the　Fraser　and　later　in　the　Cariboo　brought　tens　of　thousands　of　miners　from　Australia　and　California；　only　to　drift　away　again　almost　as　quickly　when　the　sands　began　to　fail。

Local　governments　had　been　established　both　in　Vancouver　Island　and　on　the　mainland。　They　were　joined　in　a　single　province　in　1866。　One　of　the　first　acts　of　the　new　Legislature　was　to　seek　consolidation　with　the　Dominion。　Inspired　by　an　enthusiastic　Englishman；　Alfred　Waddington；　who　had　dreamed　for　years　of　a　transcontinental　railway；　the　province　stipulated　that　within　ten　years　Canada　should　complete　a　road　from　the　Pacific　to　a　junction　with　the　railways　of　the　East。　These　terms　were　considered　presumptuous　on　the　part　of　a　little　settlement　of　ten　or　fifteen　thousand　whites；　but　Macdonald　had　faith　in　the　resources　of　Canada　and　in　what　the　morrow　would　bring　forth。　The　bargain　was　made；　and　British　Columbia　entered　the　Confederation　on　July　1；　1871。

East　and　West　were　now　staked　out。　Only　the　Far　North　remained　outside　the　bounds　of　the　Dominion　and　this　was　soon　acquired。　In　1879　the　British　Government　transferred　to　Canada　all　its　rights　and　claims　over　the　islands　in　the　Arctic　Archipelago　and　all　other　British　territory　in　North　America　save　Newfoundland　and　its　strip　of　Labrador。　From　the　Atlantic　to　the　Pacific；　and　from　the　forty…ninth　parallel　to　the　North　Pole；　now　all　was　Canadian　soil。


Confederation　brought　new　powers　and　new　responsibilities　and　thrust　Canada　into　the　field　of　foreign　affairs。　It　was　with　slow　and　groping　steps　that　the　Dominion　advanced　along　this　new　path。　Thenas　nowfor　Canada　foreign　relations　meant　first　and　foremost　relations　with　her　great　neighbor　to　the　south。　The　likelihood　of　war　had　passed。　The　need　for　closer　trade　relations　remained。　When　the　Reciprocity　Treaty　was　brought　to　an　end；　on　March　17；　1866；　Canada　at　first　refrained　from　raising　her　tariff　walls。　〃The　provinces；〃　as　George　Brown　declared　in　1874；　〃assumed　that　there　were　matters　existing　in　1865…66　to　trouble　the　spirit　of　American　statesmen　for　the　moment；　and　they　waited　patiently　for　the　sober　second　thought　which　was　very　long　in　coming；　but　in　the　meantime　Canada　played　a　good　neighbor's　part；　and　incidentally　served　her　own　ends；　by　continuing　to　grant　the　United　States　most　of　the　privileges　which　had　been　given　under　the　treaty　free　navigation　and　free　goods；　and；　subject　to　a　license　fee；　access　to　the　fisheries。〃

It　was　over　these　fisheries　that　friction　first　developed。*　Canadian　statesmen　were　determined　to　prevent　poaching　on　the　inshore　fisheries；　both　because　poaching　was　poaching　and　because　they　considered　the　fishery　privileges　the　best　makeweight　in　trade　negotiations　with　the　United　States。　At　first　American　vessels　were　admitted　on　payment　of　a　license　fee；　but　when；　on　the　increase　of　the　fee；　many　vessels　tried　to　fish　inshore　without　permission；　the　license　system　was　abolished；　and　in　1870　a　fleet　of　revenue　cruisers　began　to　police　the　coast　waters。　American　fishermen　chafed　at　exclusion　from　waters　they　had　come　to　consider　almost　their　own；　and　there　were　many　cases　of　seizure　and　of　angry　charge　and　countercharge。　President　Grant；　in　his　message　to　Congress　in　1870；　denounced　the　policy　of　the　Canadian　authorities　as　arbitrary　and　provocative。　Other　issues　between　the　two　countries　were　outstanding　as　well。　Canada　had　a　claim　against　the　United　States　for　not　preventing　the　Fenian　Raids　of　1866；　and　the　United　States　had　a　much　bigger　bill　against　Great　Britain　for　neglect　in　permitting　the　escape　of　the　Alabama。　Some　settlement　of　these　disputed　matters　was　necessary；　and　it　was　largely　through　the　activities　of　a　Canadian　banker　and　politician；　Sir　John　Rose；　that　an　agreement　was　reached　to　submit　all　the　issues　to　a　joint　commission。

*　See　〃The　Path　of　Empire〃。


Macdonald　was　offered　and　accepted　with　misgivings　a　post　as　one　of　the　five　British　Commissioners。　He　pressed　the　traditional　Canadian　policy　of　offering　fishery　for　trade　privileges　but　found　no　backing　in　this　or　other　matters　from　his　British　colleagues；　and　he　met　only　unyielding　opposition　from　the　American　Commissioners。　He　fell　back；　under　protest；　on　a　settlement　of　narrower　scope；　which　permitted　reciprocity　in　navigation　and　bonding　privileges；　free　admission　of　Canadian　and　Newfoundland　fish　to　United　States　markets　and　of　American　fishermen　to　Canadian　and　Newfoundland　waters；　and　which　provided　for　a　subsidiary　commission　to　fix　the　amount　to　be　paid　by　the　United　States　for　the　surplus　advantage　thus　received。　The　Fenian　Raids　claims　were　not　even　considered；　and　Macdonald　was　angered　by　this　indifference　on　the　part　of　his　British　colleagues。　〃They　seem　to　have　only　one　thing　in　their　minds；　〃　he　reported　privately　to　Ottawa；　〃that　is；　to　go　home　to　England　with　a　treaty　in　their　pocket；　settling　everything；　no　matter　at　what　cost　to　Canada。〃　Yet　when　the　time　came　for　the　Canadian　Parliament　to　decide　whether　to　ratify　the　fishery　clauses　of　the　Treaty　of　Washington　in　which　the　conclusions　of　the　commission　were　embodied；　Macdonald；　in　spite　of　the　unpopularity　of　the　bargain　in　Canada；　〃urged　Parliament〃　to　accept　the　treaty；　accept　it　with　all　its　imperfections；　to　accept　it　for　the　sake　of　peace　and　for　the　sake　of　the　great　Empire　of　which　we　form　a　part。〃　The　treaty　was　ratified　in　1871　by　all　the　powers　concerned；　and　the　stimulus　to　the　peaceful　settlement　of　international　disputes　given　by　the　Geneva　Tribunal　which　followed*　justified　the　subordination　of　Canada's　specific　interests。

*　See　〃The　Path　of　Empire〃


A　change　in　party　now　followed　in　Canada；　but　the　new　Government　under　Alexander　Mackenzie　〃was　as　fully　committed　as　the　Government　of　Sir　John　Macdonald　to　the　policy　of　bartering　fishery　for　trade　advantage。　Canada　therefore　proposed　that　instead　of　carrying　out　the　provisions　for　a　money　settlement；　the　whole　question　should　be　reopened。　The　Administration　at　Washington　was　sympathetic。　George　Brown　was　appointed　along　with　the　British　Ambassador；　Sir　Edward　Thornton；　to　open　negotiations。　Under　Brown's　energetic　leadership　a　settlement　of　all　outstanding　issues　was　drafted　in　1874；　which　permitted　freedom　of　trade　in　natural　and　in　most　manufactured　products　for　twenty…one　years；　and　settled　fishery；　coasting　trade；　navigation；　and　minor　boundary　issues。　But　diplomats　proposed；　and　the　United　States　Senate　disposed。　Protectionist　feeling　was　strong　at　Washington；　and　the　currency　problem　absorbing；　and　hence　this　broad　and　statesmanlike　essay　in　neighborliness　could　not　secure　an　hour's　attention。　This　plan　having　failed；　the　Canadian　Government