hiero-第4章

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overflowing　wealth　of　your　possessions；　your　horses；　excellent　for



breed　and　mettle；　the　choice　beauty　of　your　arms；　the　exquisite　finery



of　your　wives；　the　gorgeous　palaces　in　which　you　dwell；　and　these；



too；　furnished　with　the　costliest　works　of　art；　add　to　which　the



throng　of　your　retainers；　courtiers；　followers；　not　in　number　only　but



accomplishments　a　most　princely　retinue；　and　lastly；　but　not　least　of



all；　in　your　supreme　ability　at　once　to　afflict　your　foes　and　benefit



your　friends。







＇1＇　Lit。　〃many　among　those　reputed　to　be　men。〃　Cf。　〃Cyrop。〃　V。　v。　33；



　　　　〃Hell。〃　i。　24；　〃their　hero〃；　and　below；　viii。　3。　Aristoph。　〃Ach。〃



　　　　78；　｛oi　barbaroi　gar　andras　egountai　monous｝　｜　｛tous　pleista



　　　　dunamenous　phagein　te　kai　piein｝：　〃To　the　Barbarians　'tis　the　test



　　　　of　manhood：　there　the　great　drinkers　are　the　greatest　men〃



　　　　（Frere）；　id。　〃Knights；〃　179；　〃Clouds；〃　823；　so　Latin　〃vir。〃　See



　　　　Holden　ad　loc。







＇2＇　〃Us　lesser　mortals。〃







To　all　which　Hiero　made　answer：　That　the　majority　of　men；　Simonides；



should　be　deluded　by　the　glamour　of　a　despotism　in　no　respect



astonishes　me；　since　it　is　the　very　essence　of　the　crowd；　if　I　am　not



mistaken；　to　rush　wildly　to　conjecture　touching　the　happiness　or



wretchedness　of　people　at　first　sight。







Now　the　nature　of　a　tyrrany　is　such：　it　presents；　nay　flaunts；　a　show



of　costliest　possessions　unfolded　to　the　general　gaze；　which　rivets



the　attention；＇3＇　but　the　real　troubles　in　the　souls　of　monarchs　it



keeps　concealed　in　those　hid　chambers　where　lie　stowed　away　the



happiness　and　the　unhappiness　of　mankind。







＇3＇　There　is　some　redundancy　in　the　phraseology。







I　repeat　then；　I　little　marvel　that　the　multitude　should　be　blinded　in



this　matter。　But　that　you　others　also；　you　who　are　held　to　see　with



the　mind's　eye　more　clearly　than　with　the　eye　of　sense　the　mass　of



circumstances；＇4＇　should　share　its　ignorance；　does　indeed　excite　my



wonderment。　Now；　I　know　it　all　too　plainly　from　my　own　experience；



Simonides；　and　I　assure　you；　the　tyrant　is　one　who　has　the　smallest



share　of　life's　blessings；　whilst　of　its　greater　miseries　he　possesses



most。







＇4＇　Lit。　〃the　majority　of　things〃；　al。　〃the　thousand　details　of　a



　　　　thing。〃







For　instance；　if　peace　is　held　to　be　a　mighty　blessing　to　mankind；



then　of　peace　despotic　monarchs　are　scant　sharers。　Or　is　war　a　curse？



If　so；　of　this　particular　pest　your　monarch　shares　the　largest　moiety。



For；　look　you；　the　private　citizen；　unless　his　city…state　should



chance　to　be　engaged　in　some　common　war；＇5＇　is　free　to　travel



wheresoe'er　he　chooses　without　fear　of　being　done　to　death；　whereas



the　tyrant　cannot　stir　without　setting　his　foot　on　hostile　territory。



At　any　rate；　nothing　will　persuade　him　but　he　must　go　through　life



armed；　and　on　all　occasions　drag　about　with　him　armed　satellites。　In



the　next　place；　the　private　citizen；　even　during　an　expedition　into



hostile　territory；＇6＇　can　comfort　himself　in　the　reflection　that　as



soon　as　he　gets　back　home　he　will　be　safe　from　further　peril。　Whereas



the　tyrant　knows　precisely　the　reverse；　as　soon　as　he　arrives　in　his



own　city；　he　will　find　himself　in　the　centre　of　hostility　at　once。　Or



let　us　suppose　that　an　invading　army；　superior　in　force；　is　marching



against　a　city：　however　much　the　weaker　population；　whilst　they　are



still　outside　their　walls；　may　feel　the　stress　of　danger；　yet　once



within　their　trenches　one　and　all　expect　to　find　themselves　in



absolute　security。　But　the　tyrant　is　not　out　of　danger；　even　when　he



has　passed　the　portals　of　his　palace。　Nay！　there　of　all　places　most；



he　feels；　he　must　maintain　the　strictist　watch。＇7＇　Again；　to　the



private　citizen　there　will　come　eventually；　either　through　truce　or



terms　of　peace；　respite　from　war；　but　for　the　tyrant；　the　day　of　peace



will　never　dawn。　What　peace　can　he　have　with　those　over　whom　he



exercises　his　despotic　sway？＇8＇　Nor　have　the　terms　of　truce　been　yet



devised；　on　which　the　despotic　ruler　may　rely　with　confidence。＇9＇







＇5＇　｛koinon｝；　i。e。　making　demands　upon　the　eneriges　of　all　the



　　　　citizens　in　common；　as　opposed　to　the　personal　character　of　war　as



　　　　conducted　by　a　despot　=　〃public；〃　〃patriotic；〃　〃national〃　war。　Al。



　　　　borne　by　the　particular　｛polis｝　as　member　of　a　league；　whether　of



　　　　states　united　for　the　time　being　in　a　｛summakhia｝；　or　permanently



　　　　in　a　confederacy　=　a　〃federal〃　war。







＇6＇　〃Even　if　serving　on　a　campaign　in　the　enemy's　country。〃







＇7＇　Or；　〃he　has　to　exercise　the　utmost　vigilance。〃







＇8＇　〃With　those　who　are　'absolutely　governed；'　not　to　say　tyrannically



　　　　ruled。〃







＇9＇　Or；　〃which　the　tyrant　may　accept　in　faith　and　go　his　way



　　　　rejoicing。〃







Wars　doubtless　there　are；＇10＇　wars　waged　by　states　and　wars　waged　by



autocratic　monarchs　against　those　whom　they　have　forcibly　enslaved；



and　in　respect　of　these　wars　there　is　no　hardship　which　any　member　of



the　states　at　war＇11＇　can　suffer　but　the　tyrant　will　feel　it　also。



That　is　to　say；　both　must　alike　be　under　arms；　keep　guard；　run　risks；



and　whatever　the　pains　of　defeat　may　be；　they　are　equally　sustained　by



both。　Up　to　this　point　there　is　no　distinction。　The　〃bitters〃　are



equal。　But　when　we　come　to　estimate　the　〃sweets〃　derivable　from



warfare　between　states；＇12＇　the　parallel　ceases。　The　tyrant；　if　he



shared　the　pains　before；　no　longer　shares　the　pleasures　now。　What



happens　when　a　state　has　gained　the　mastery　in　battle　over　her



antagonist？　It　would　be　hard　（I　take　it）　to　describe　the　joy　of　that



occurrence：　joy　in　the　rout；　joy　in　the　pursuit；　joy　in　the　slaughter



of　their　enemies；　and　in　what　language　shall　I　describe　the　exultation



of　these　warriors　at　their　feats　of　arms？　With　what　assumption　they



bind　on　their　brows　the　glittering　wreath　of　glory；＇13＇　with　what



mirth　and　jollity　congratulate　themselves　on　having　raised　their　city



to　newer　heights　of　fame。　Each　several　citizen　claims　to　have　shared



in　the　plan　of　the　campaign；＇14＇　and　to　have　slain　the　largest　number。



Indeed　it　would　be　hard　to　find　where　false　embellishment　will　not



creep　in；＇15＇　the　number　stated　to　be　the　slain　exceeding　that　of



those　that　actually　perished。　So　truly　glorious　a　thing　it　seems　to



them　to　have　won　a　great　victory。＇16＇







＇10＇　Lit。　〃and　further；　wars　there　are；　waged　against　forcibly…



　　　　subjected　populations　whether　by　free　states〃e。g。　of　Olynthus；



　　　　〃Hell。〃　V。　ii。　23；　or　Athens　against　her　〃subject　allies〃　during



　　　　the　Pel。　war〃or　by　despotic　rules〃Jason　of　Pherae　（〃Hell。〃



　　　　VI。）　Al。　〃wars　waged　by　free　states　against　free　states；　and　wars



　　　　waged　by　tyrants　against　enslaved　peoples。〃







＇11＇　Does　｛o　en　tais　polesi｝　=　〃the　citizen〃？　So　some　commentators；　or



　　　　（sub。　｛polemos｝）　=　〃the　war　among　states〃　（see　Hartman；　op。　cit。



　　　　p。　248）？　in　which　case　transl。　〃all　the　hardships　involved　in



　　　　international　war　come　home　to　the　tyrant　also。〃　The　same



　　　　obscurity　attaches　to　｛oi　en　tais　polesi｝　below　（the　commonly



　　　　adopted　emend。　of　the　MS。　｛oi　sunontes　polesi｝　=　〃the　citizens；〃



　　　　or　else　=　〃international　wars。〃







＇12＇　〃The　pleasures　incidental　to　warfare　between　states〃；　al。　〃the



　　　　sweets　which　citizens　engaged　in　warfare　as　against　rival　states



　　　　can　count　upon。〃







＇13＇　Reading　｛analambanousin｝；　or；　if　after　Cobet；　etc。；



　　　　｛lambanousin｝；　transl。　〃what　brilliant　honour；　what　bright　credit



　　　　they　assume。〃







＇14＇　〃To　have　played　his　part　in　counsel。〃　See　〃Anab。〃　passim；　a