the city of domes-第6章

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year　before　the　date　set　for　the　opening　an　admission　fee　of　twenty…five　cents　brought　several　thousands　of　dollars　each　week。　On　the　Sundays　when　Lincoln　Beachey　made　his　sensational　flights　there　would　often　be　not　less　than　fifty　thousand　people　looking　on。



The　Walled　City



If　there　were　any　critics　who　feared　that　the　walled　city　might　present　a　certain　monotony　of　aspect　they　did　not　take　into　account　the　Oriental　luxuriance　of　the　entrances；　breaking　the　long　lines　and　making　splendid　contrast　of　design　and　of　color。　Those　entrances　alone　were　worth　minute　study。　Besides　being　beautiful；　they　had　historic　significance。　Furthermore；　the　long　walls　were　broken　by　artistically　designed　windows　and　by　groups　of　trees　running　along　the　edge。　Within　the　walls；　in　the　splendidly　wrought　courts；　utility　was　made　an　expression；　of　beauty　by　means　of　the　impressive　colonnades；　solid　rows　of　columns；　delicately　colored；　suitable　for　promenading　and　for　protection　against　rain。

　From　the　hills　looking　down　on　the　bay　the　Exposition　began　to　seem　somewhat　huddled。　But　the　nearer　one　approached；　the　plainer　it　became　that　this　effect　was　misleading。　On　the　grounds　one　felt　that　there　was　plenty　of　room　to　move　about　in。　And　there　was　no　sense　of　incongruity。　Very　adroitly　styles　of　architecture　that　might　have　seemed　to　be　alien　to　one　another　and　hostile　had　been　harmoniously　blended。　Here　the　color　was　a　great　help。　It　made　the　Exposition　seem　all　of　a　piece。



The　War



In　the　summer　of　1914　the　Exposition　received　what　for　a　brief　time；　looked　like　a　crushing　blow　in　the　declaration　of　war。　How　could　the　world　be　interested　in　such　an　enterprise　when　the　great　nations　of　Europe　were　engaged　in　what　might　prove　to　be　the　most　deadly　conflict　history？

The　directors；　in　reviewing　the　situation；　saw　that；　far　from　being　a　disadvantage　in　its　effect　on　their　plans；　the　war　might　be　an　advantage。　In　the　first　place；　it　would　keep　at　home　the　great　army　of　American　travelers　that　went　to　Europe　each　year。　With　their　fondness　for　roaming；　they　would　be　almost　certain　to　be　drawn　to　this　part　of　the　world。　And　besides；　there　were　other　travelers　to　be　considered；　including　those　Europeans　who　would　be　glad　to　get　away　from　the　alarms　of　war　and　those　South　Americans　who　were　in　the　habit　of　going　to　Europe。　Furthermore；　though　the　Exposition　had　been　designed　to　commemorate　the　services　of　the　United　States　Army　in　building　the　Panama　Canal；　it　was　essentially　dedicated　to　the　arts　of　peace。　It　would　show　what　the　world　could　do　when　men　and　nations　co…operated。



The　Department　of　Fine　Arts



Meanwhile；　the　war　was　upsetting　the　plans　for　the　exhibits；　notably　the　exhibit　of　painting　and　sculpture。

When　John　E。　D。　Trask；　for　many　years　director　of　the　Pennsylvania　Academy　of　Fine　Arts；　was　appointed　Director　of　the　Fine　Arts　Department　at　the　Panama…Pacific　International　Exposition；　he　had　made　a　careful　survey　of　the　field　he　had　to　cover。　It　virtually　consisted　of　the　whole　civilized　world。　After　arranging　for　the　formulation　　of　committees　in　the　leading　cities　of　the　East　and　the　Middle　West　to　secure　American　work；　he　made　a　trip　to　Europe；　visiting　England；　France；　Holland；　Sweden；　Germany；　Hungary；　Austria　and　Italy。　With　the　exception　of　England　and　Germany；　the　governments　were　sympathetic。　The　indifference　of　those　two　countries　was　at　the　time　was　not　quite　comprehensible。　There　might　have　been　several　explanations；　including　the　threat　of　war。　There　were　also　those　who　said　that　England　and　Germany　had　entered　into　a　secret　alliance　against　this　country　for　the　purpose　of　minimizing　the　American　influence　in　commerce；　soon　to　be　strengthened　by　the　opening　of　the　Panama　Canal。　Wherever　the　truth　lay；　the　fact　remained　that　both　countries　maintained　their　attitude　of　indifference。　Individual　English　and　German　artists　and　organizations　of　artists；　however；　showed　a　willingness　to　co…operate。

Through　emissaries；　mainly　unofficial；　Americans　of　influence；　Trask　drew　on　the　resources　of　all　Europe。　He　also　entered　into　negotiations　with　China　and　Japan；　both　of　which　countries；　with　their　devotion　to　art；　as　might　have　been　expected；　co…operated　with　enthusiasm。　The　display　at　the　Fine　Arts　Palace　promised　to　make　one　of　the　greatest　international　exhibits　in　history；　if　not　the　greatest。

At　the　outbreak　of　the　war　it　looked　as　if　the　whole　of　Europe　might　become　involved　and　it　might　be　impossible　to　secure　anything　that　could　properly　be　called　a　European　art　exhibit。　Meanwhile；　the　space　reserved　for　the　European　exhibitors　must　he　filled。　It　happened　that；　at　the　time；　Trask　was　in　the　East。　He　quickly　put　himself　into　personal　communication　with　the　New　York　artists；　who　had　been　invited　to　send　three　or　four　works；　and　he　asked　them　to　increase　the　number。　He　also　arranged　with　his　committee　for　the　securing　of　a　much　larger　number　of　American　pictures。　Under　the　circumstances　he　was　bound　to　rely　on　the　discretion　of　his　juries。　The　result　was　that　he　had　to　take　what　came。　It　included　a　large　number　of　excellent　works　and　others　of　doubtful　merit。



An　Emissary　to　France　and　Italy



Meanwhile；　during　the　few　months　after　the　outbreak　of　war；　the　art　situation　in　Europe　began　to　look　more　hopeful。　It　seemed　possible　that　some　of　the　nations　concerned　in　the　war　would　be　persuaded　to　participate。　Captain　Asher　C。　Baker；　Director　of　the　Division　of　Exhibits；　was　sent　on　a　special　mission　to　France；　sailing　from　New　York　early　in　November。　The　United　States　collier　〃Jason〃　was　then　preparing　to　sail　from　New　York　with　Christmas　presents　for　the　children　in　the　war　zone；　and　the　secretary　of　the　navy　had　arranged　with　the　Exposition　authorities　that；　on　the　return　trip；　the　ship　should　be　used　to　carry　exhibits　from　Europe。　The　first　plan　was　that　the　exhibits　should　come　only　from　the　warring　nations；　it　was　later　extended　to　include　other　nations。

In　Paris　Captain　Baker　found　the　situation　discouraging。　The　first　official　he　saw　told　him　that；　under　the　circumstances；　any　participation　of　France　whatsoever　was　out　of　the　question：　France　was　in　mourning；　and　did　not　wish　to　celebrate　anything；　if　any　Frenchman　were　to　suggest　participation　he　would　be　criticised；　furthermore；　Albert　Tirman；　at　the　head　of　the　French　committee　that　had　visited　San　Francisco　the　year　before　to　select　the　site　of　the　French　Pavilion；　had　come　back　from　the　front　in　the　Vosges　and　was　hard　at　work　in　the　barracks　of　the　Invalides；　acting　as　an　intermediary　between　the　civil　and　military　authorities。

Then　Captain　Baker　appealed　to　Ambassador　Myron　T。　Herrick。　Although　the　ambassador　was　enthusiastic　for　the　Exposition；　he　said　that；　in　such　a　crisis；　he　could　not　ask　France　to　spend　the　four　hundred　thousand　dollars　set　apart　for　use　in　San　Francisco。　Captain　Baker　said：　〃Don't　you　think　if　France　came　in　at　this　time　a　wonderfully　sympathetic　effect　would　be　created　all　over　the　United　States？〃　The　ambassador　replied；　〃I　do。〃　〃Wouldn't　you　like　to　see　France　participate？〃　The　ambassador　declared　that　he　would。　〃Will　you　say　so　to　Mr。　Tirman？〃　The　ambassador　said；　〃Willingly。〃

A　week　later　Baker　and　Tirman　were　on　their　way　to　Bordeaux　to　see　Gaston　Thomson；　Minister　of　Commerce。　They　made　these　proposals：　The　exhibits　should　be　carried　by　the　Jason　through　the　canal　to　San　Francisco；　the　building　of　the　French　Pavilion　should　be　undertaken　by　the　Division　of　Works　of　the　Exposition；　on　specification　to　be　cabled　to　San　Francisco　of　the　frame　work；　the　moulds　for　the　columns　and　architectural　ornaments　to　be　prepared　in　France　and　shipped　by　express；　the　French　committee　of　organization　was　to　work　in　France　among　possible　exhibitors；　a　statement　was　to　be　made　to　the　ministry　of　what　each　department　of　the　government　could　do　in　sending　exhibits　and　what　exhibits　were　ready；　a　statement　should　come　from　the　Minister　of　Fine　Arts　as　to　how　much　space　he　could　occupy　and　how　many　paintings　could　be　secured　for　the　Palace　of　Fine　Arts；　a　complete　representation　of　the　Department　of　Historical　Furniture　and　Tapestries；　known　as　the　Garde　Meuble；　was　to　be　made　for　the　pavilion。

In　the　inte