heroes of the telegraph-第49章
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arry out this principle it was necessary that the sending and receiving apparatus should keep in strict time with each other； or be synchronous in action； and to effect this was the prime difficulty which Professor Hughes had to overcome in his work。 In estimating the Hughes' type…printer as an invention we must not forget the state of science at that early period。 He had to devise his own governors for the synchronous mechanism； and here his knowledge of acoustics helped him。 Centrifugal governors and pendulums would not do； and he tried vibrators； such as piano…strings and tuning…forks。 He at last found what he wanted in two darning needles； borrowed from an old lady in the house where he lived。 These steel rods fixed at one end vibrated with equal periods； and could be utilised in such a way that the printing wheel could be corrected into absolute synchronism by each signal current。
In 1854； Professor Hughes went to Louisville to superintend the making of his first instrument； but it was unprotected by a patent in the United States until 1855。 In that form straight vibrators were used as governors； and a separate train of wheel…work was employed in correcting： but in later forms the spiral governor was adopted； and the printing and correcting is now done by the same action。 In 1855； the invention may be said to have become fit for employment； and no sooner was this the case； than Professor Hughes received a telegram from the editors of the New York Associated Press； summoning him to that city。 The American Telegraph Company； then a leading one； was in possession of the Morse instrument； and levied rates for transmission of news which the editors found oppressive。 They took up the Hughes' instrument in opposition to the Morse； and introduced it on the lines of several companies。 After a time； however； the separate companies amalgamated into one large corporation； the Western Union Telegraph Company of to… day。 With the Morse； Hughes； and other apparatus in its power； the editors were again left in the lurch。
In 1857； Professor Hughes leaving his instrument in the hands of the Western Union Telegraph Company； came to England to effect its introduction here。 He endeavoured to get the old Electric Telegraph Company to adopt it； but after two years of indecision on their part； he went over to France in 1860； where he met with a more encouraging reception。 The French Government Telegraph Administration became at once interested in the new receiver； and a commission of eminent electricians； consisting of Du Moncel； Blavier； Froment； Gaugain； and other practical and theoretical specialists； was appointed to decide on its merits。 The first trial of the type…printer took place on the Paris to Lyons circuit； and there is a little anecdote connected with it which is worthy of being told。 The instrument was started； and for a while worked as well as could be desired； but suddenly it came to a stop； and to the utter discomfiture of the inventor he could neither find out what was wrong nor get the printer to go again。 In the midst of his confusion； it seemed like satire to him to hear the commissioners say； as they smiled all round； and bowed themselves gracefully off； 'TRES… BIEN； MONSIEUR HUGHESTRES…BIEN； JE VOUS FELICITE。' But the matter was explained next morning； when Professor Hughes learned that the transmitting clerk at Lyons had been purposely instructed to earth the line at the time in question； to test whether there was no deception in the trial； a proceeding which would have seemed strange； had not the occurrence of a sham trial some months previous rendered it a prudent course。 The result of this trial was that the French Government agreed to give the printer a year of practical work on the French lines； and if found satisfactory； it was to be finally adopted。 Daily reports were furnished of its behaviour during that time； and at the expiration of the term it was adopted； and Professor Hughes was constituted by Napoleon III。 a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour。
The patronage of France paved the way of the type…printer into almost all other European countries； and the French agreement as to its use became the model of those made by the other nations。 On settling with France in 1862； Professor Hughes went to Italy。 Here a commission was likewise appointed； and a period of probationonly six monthswas settled； before the instrument was taken over。 From Italy； Professor Hughes received the Order of St。 Maurice and St。 Lazare。 In 1863； the United Kingdom Telegraph Co。； England； introduced the type…printer in their system。 In 1865； Professor Hughes proceeded to Russia； and in that country his invention was adopted after six months' trial on the St。 Petersburg to Moscow circuit。 At St。 Petersburg he had the honour of being a guest of the Emperor in the summer palace； Czarskoizelo； the Versailles of Russia； where he was requested to explain his invention； and also to give a lecture on electricity to the Czar and his court。 He was there created a Commander of the Order of St。 Anne。
In 1865； Professor Hughes also went to Berlin； and introduced his apparatus on the Prussian lines。 In 1867； he went on a similar mission to Austria； where he received the Order of the Iron Crown； and to Turkey； where the reigning Sultan bestowed on him the Grand Cross of the Medjidie。 In this year； too he was awarded at the Paris Exhibition； a grand HORS LIGNE gold medal； one out of ten supreme honours designed to mark the very highest achievements。 On the same occasion another of these special medals was bestowed on Cyrus Field and the Anglo…American Telegraph Company。 In 1868； he introduced it into Holland； and in 1869； into Bavaria and Wurtemburg； where he obtained the Noble Order of St。 Michael。 In 1870； he also installed it in Switzerland and Belgium。
Coming back to England； the Submarine Telegraph Company adopted the type…printer in 1872； when they had only two instruments at work。 In 1878 they had twenty of them in constant use； of which number nine were working direct between London and Paris； one between London and Berlin； one between London and Cologne； one between London and Antwerp； and one between London and Brussels。 All the continental news for the TIMES and the DAILY TELEGRAPH is received by the Hughes' type…printer； and is set in type by a type…setting machine as it arrives。 Further； by the International Telegraph Congress it was settled that for all international telegrams only the Hughes' instrument and the Morse were to be employed。 Since the Post Office acquired the cables to the Continent in 1889； a room in St。 Martin's…le…Grand has been provided for the printers working to Paris； Berlin； and Rome。
In 1875； Professor Hughes introduced the type…printer into Spain； where he was made a Commander of the Royal and Distinguished Order of Carlos III。 In every country to which it was taken； the merits of the instrument were recognised； and Professor Hughes has none but pleasant souvenirs of his visits abroad。
During all these years the inventor was not idle。 He was constantly improving his invention； and in addition to that； he had to act as an instructor where…ever he went； and give courses of lectures explaining the principles and practice of his apparatus to the various employees into whose hands it was to be consigned。
The years 1876…8 will be distinguished in the history of our time for a triad of great inventions which； so to speak； were hanging together。 We have already seen how the telephone and phonograph have originated； and to these two marvellous contrivances we have now to add a third； the microphone； which is even more marvellous； because； although in form it is the simplest of them all； in its action it is still a mystery。 The telephone enables us to speak to distances far beyond the reach of eye or ear； 'to waft a sigh from Indus to the Pole； 'the phonograph enables us to seal the living speech on brazen tablets； and store it up for any length of time； while it is the peculiar function of the microphone to let us hear those minute sounds which are below the range of our unassisted powers of hearing。 By these three instruments we have thus received a remarkable extension of t
