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philosophy of right-第3章

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§ 175 Children are potentially free and their life embodies nothing save potential freedom。 
§ 176 Marriage is but the ethical Idea in its immediacy。 
§ 177 Once the children have come of age; they become recognised as persons。 
§ 178 The dissolution of the family by the death of the father; has inheritance as its consequence。 
§ 179 A man may at will squander his capital altogether。 
§ 180 The members of the family grow up to be self…subsistent。 
§ 181 Transition of the Family into Civil Society。 

II: Civil Society 
§ 182 The concrete person finds satisfaction by means of others; and at the same time by means
of universality。 
§ 183 The livelihood; happiness; and rights of one is interwoven with the livelihood; happiness;
and rights of all。 
§ 184 The system of the ethical order constitutes the Idea's abstract moment; its moment of
reality。 
§ 185 Particularity destroys itself and its substantive concept in this process of gratification。 
§ 186 Particularity passes over into universality; and attains its truth not as freedom but as
necessity。 
§ 187 Private ends are mediated through the universal which thus appears as a means。 
§ 188 The System of Needs; the Administration of Justice and the Public Authority & the
Corporation。 

___A。 The System of Needs 
§ 189 Need is satisfied in the product of others; and labour; the middle term between subjective
& objective。 

_____(a) The Kind of Need and Satisfaction 
§ 190 The multiplication of needs and means of satisfying them。 
§ 191 The means to particularised needs and the ways of satisfying these are divided and
multiplied。 
§ 192 Universality makes concrete; i。e。 social; the isolated and abstract needs and their ways of
satisfaction。 
§ 193 The need for equality and for emulation becomes a fruitful source of the multiplication of
needs。 
§ 194 The strict natural necessity of need is obscured。 
§ 195 Luxury。 

_____(b) The Kind of Labour 
§ 196 Labour confers value on means and gives them their utility。 
§ 197 Theoretical education develops; and practical education is acquired through working。 
§ 198 Division of labour makes men dependent on one another; labour more & more mechanical;
until machines take their place。 

_____(c) Capital and Class Divisions 
§ 199 Subjective self…seeking turns into a contribution to the satisfaction of the needs of everyone
else。 
§ 200 Differences in wealth are conspicuous and their inevitable consequence is disparities of
resources & ability。 
§ 201 The entire complex is built up into particular systems of needs; means; and types of work;
into class…divisions。 
§ 202 'a' The substantial or immediate class; 'b' the reflecting or formal class; & 'c' the
universal class。 
§ 203 'a' The Agricultural Class。 
§ 204 'b' The Business Class。 
§ 205 'c' The Universal Class 'the civil service'。 
§ 206 The class to which an individual is to belong depends on natural capacity; birth; and other
circumstances。 
§ 207 In this class system; the ethical frame of mind therefore is rectitude and esprit de corps。 
§ 208 Right has attained its recognised actuality as the protection of property through the
administration of justice。 

___B。 The Administration of Justice 
§ 209 Education makes abstract right something universally recognised and having an objective
validity。 
§ 210 The objective actuality of the right consists in its being known & in its possessing the
power of the actual。 

_____(a) Right as Law 
§ 211 The principle of rightness becomes the law when thinking makes it known as what is right
and valid。 
§ 212 There may be a discrepancy between the content of the law and the principle of rightness。 
§ 213 The endlessly growing complexity and subdivision of social ties and the different species of
property and contract。 
§ 214 In the interest of getting something done; there is a place within that limit for contingent and
arbitrary decisions。 

_____(b) Law as Determinately Existing 
§ 215 If laws are to have a binding force; then they must be made universally known。 
§ 216 Simple laws are required; but the nature of the material leads to the further determining of
laws ad infinitum。 
§ 217 My individual right now becomes embodied in the existent will and knowledge of
everyone。 
§ 218 The fact that society has become strong and sure of itself leads to a mitigation of its
punishment。 

_____(c) The Court of Justice 
§ 219 Law is something on its own account; and something universal; the business of a public
authority。 
§ 220 No act of revenge is justified。 
§ 221 A member of civil society must acknowledge the jurisdiction of the court and accept its
decision as final。 
§ 222 In court the specific character which rightness acquires is that it must be demonstrable。 
§ 223 The long course of formalities is a right of the parties at law。 
§ 224 The publicity of judicial proceedings。 
§ 225 Whether a trespass has been committed and if so by whom; and the restoration of right。 
§ 226 The judge。 
§ 227 Judgment on the facts lies in the last resort with subjective conviction and conscience。 
§ 228 The confidence which the parties feel in the judge is based on the similarity between their
social position。 
§ 229 The actualisation of the unity of the implicit universal with the subjective particular。 

___C。 The Police & the Public Authority 
§ 230 The safety of person and property and every person's livelihood and welfare must be
actualised as a right。 

_____(a) Police or Public Authority 
§ 231 The universal authority by which security is ensured is an external organisation。 
§ 232 Private actions may escape the agent's control and may injure others and wrong them。 
§ 233 The actions of individuals may be wrongful; and this is the ultimate reason for police &
penal justice。 
§ 234 There is no inherent line of distinction between what is and what is not injurious。 
§ 235 Activities and organisations of general utility call for the oversight of the public authority。 
§ 236 The differing interests of producers and consumers may come into collision and requires
control。 
§ 237 While the possibility of sharing in the general wealth is open to individuals it is subject to
contingencies。 
§ 238 Civil society tears the individual from his family ties。 
§ 239 Civil society has the right and duty of superintending and influencing education。 
§ 240 Society has the duty of acting as trustee to those whose extravagance destroys their
subsistence or their families'。 
§ 241 The public authority takes the place of the family where the poor are concerned。 
§ 242 Society struggles to make charity less necessary; by discovering the causes of penury and
means of its relief。 
§ 243 The amassing of wealth and the dependence and distress of the class tied to work。 
§ 244 When the standard of living falls below a subsistence level; the result is the creation of a
rabble of paupers。 
§ 245 Wealth & Poverty。 
§ 246 The inner dialectic of civil society drives it to push beyond its own limits and seek markets
in other lands。 
§ 247 Trade by sea is the most potent instrument of culture。 
§ 248 This far…flung connecting link affords the means for the colonising activity。 
§ 249 Ethical principles circle back and。 appear in civil society and constitute the specific
character of the Corporation。 

_____(b) The Corporation 
§ 250 The business class is concentrated on the particular; and hence the Corporations are
specially appropriate。 
§ 251 A member of civil society is in virtue of his own particular skill a member of a
Corporation;。 
§ 252 The Corporation comes on to the scene like a second family。 
§ 253 The Corporation member commands the respect due to one in his social position。 
§ 254 The right of exercising one's skill is made rational in the Corporation。。 
§ 255 As the family was the first; so the Corporation is the second ethical root of the state。 
§ 256 The Public Authority and the Corporation find their truth in the absolutely universal end and
its absolute actuality。 

III: The State 
§ 257 The state is the actuality of the ethical Idea。 
§ 258 The state is abs

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