the zincali-第10章
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THE GYPSIES OF THE EAST; OR ZINGARRI
What has been said of the Gypsies of Europe is; to a considerable
extent; applicable to their brethren in the East; or; as they are
called; Zingarri; they are either found wandering amongst the
deserts or mountains; or settled in towns; supporting themselves by
horse…dealing or jugglery; by music and song。 In no part of the
East are they more numerous than in Turkey; especially in
Constantinople; where the females frequently enter the harems of
the great; pretending to cure children of 'the evil eye;' and to
interpret the dreams of the women。 They are not unfrequently seen
in the coffee…houses; exhibiting their figures in lascivious dances
to the tune of various instruments; yet these females are by no
means unchaste; however their manners and appearance may denote the
contrary; and either Turk or Christian who; stimulated by their
songs and voluptuous movements; should address them with proposals
of a dishonourable nature; would; in all probability; meet with a
decided repulse。
Among the Zingarri are not a few who deal in precious stones; and
some who vend poisons; and the most remarkable individual whom it
has been my fortune to encounter amongst the Gypsies; whether of
the Eastern or Western world; was a person who dealt in both these
articles。 He was a native of Constantinople; and in the pursuit of
his trade had visited the most remote and remarkable portions of
the world。 He had traversed alone and on foot the greatest part of
India; he spoke several dialects of the Malay; and understood the
original language of Java; that isle more fertile in poisons than
even 'far Iolchos and Spain。' From what I could learn from him; it
appeared that his jewels were in less request than his drugs;
though he assured me that there was scarcely a Bey or Satrap in
Persia or Turkey whom he had not supplied with both。 I have seen
this individual in more countries than one; for he flits over the
world like the shadow of a cloud; the last time at Granada in
Spain; whither he had come after paying a visit to his Gitano
brethren in the presidio of Ceuta。
Few Eastern authors have spoken of the Zingarri; notwithstanding
they have been known in the East for many centuries; amongst the
few; none has made more curious mention of them than Arabschah; in
a chapter of his life of Timour or Tamerlane; which is deservedly
considered as one of the three classic works of Arabian literature。
This passage; which; while it serves to illustrate the craft; if
not the valour of the conqueror of half the world; offers some
curious particulars as to Gypsy life in the East at a remote
period; will scarcely be considered out of place if reproduced
here; and the following is as close a translation of it as the
metaphorical style of the original will allow。
'There were in Samarcand numerous families of Zingarri of various
descriptions: some were wrestlers; others gladiators; others
pugilists。 These people were much at variance; so that hostilities
and battling were continually arising amongst them。 Each band had
its chief and subordinate officers; and it came to pass that Timour
and the power which he possessed filled them with dread; for they
knew that he was aware of their crimes and disorderly way of life。
Now it was the custom of Timour; on departing upon his expeditions;
to leave a viceroy in Samarcand; but no sooner had he left the
city; than forth marched these bands; and giving battle to the
viceroy; deposed him and took possession of the government; so that
on the return of Timour he found order broken; confusion reigning;
and his throne overturned; and then he had much to do in restoring
things to their former state; and in punishing or pardoning the
guilty; but no sooner did he depart again to his wars; and to his
various other concerns; than they broke out into the same excesses;
and this they repeated no less than three times; and he at length
laid a plan for their utter extermination; and it was the
following:… He commenced building a wall; and he summoned unto him
the people small and great; and he allotted to every man his place;
and to every workman his duty; and he stationed the Zingarri and
their chieftains apart; and in one particular spot he placed a band
of soldiers; and he commanded them to kill whomsoever he should
send to them; and having done so; he called to him the heads of the
people; and he filled the cup for them and clothed them in splendid
vests; and when the turn came to the Zingarri; he likewise pledged
one of them; and bestowed a vest upon him; and sent him with a
message to the soldiers; who; as soon as he arrived; tore from him
his vest; and stabbed him; pouring forth the gold of his heart into
the pan of destruction; (14) and in this way they continued until
the last of them was destroyed; and by that blow he exterminated
their race; and their traces; and from that time forward there were
no more rebellions in Samarcand。'
It has of late years been one of the favourite theories of the
learned; that Timour's invasion of Hindostan; and the cruelties
committed by his savage hordes in that part of the world; caused a
vast number of Hindoos to abandon their native land; and that the
Gypsies of the present day are the descendants of those exiles who
wended their weary way to the West。 Now; provided the above
passage in the work of Arabschah be entitled to credence; the
opinion that Timour was the cause of the expatriation and
subsequent wandering life of these people; must be abandoned as
untenable。 At the time he is stated by the Arabian writer to have
annihilated the Gypsy hordes of Samarcand; he had but just
commenced his career of conquest and devastation; and had not even
directed his thoughts to the invasion of India; yet at this early
period of the history of his life; we find families of Zingarri
established at Samarcand; living much in the same manner as others
of the race have subsequently done in various towns of Europe and
the East; but supposing the event here narrated to be a fable; or
at best a floating legend; it appears singular that; if they left
their native land to escape from Timour; they should never have
mentioned in the Western world the name of that scourge of the
human race; nor detailed the history of their flight and
sufferings; which assuredly would have procured them sympathy; the
ravages of Timour being already but too well known in Europe。 That
they came from India is much easier to prove than that they fled
before the fierce Mongol。
Such people as the Gypsies; whom the Bishop of Forli in the year
1422; only sixteen years subsequent to the invasion of India;
describes as a 'raging rabble; of brutal and animal propensities;'
(15) are not such as generally abandon their country on foreign
invasion。
THE ZINCALI OR AN ACCOUNT OF THE GYPSIES OF SPAIN … PART I
CHAPTER I
GITANOS; or Egyptians; is the name by which the Gypsies have been
most generally known in Spain; in the ancient as well as in the
modern period; but various other names have been and still are
applied to them; for example; New Castilians; Germans; and
Flemings; the first of which titles probably originated after the
name of Gitano had begun to be considered a term of reproach and
infamy。 They may have thus designated themselves from an
unwillingness to utter; when speaking of themselves; the detested
expression 'Gitano;' a word which seldom escapes their mouths; or
it may have been applied to them first by the Sp