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第49章

the meditations-第49章

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re very disgusting in their manners。

DEMETRIUS of Phalerum; an Athenian orator; statesman; philosopher; and poet。  Born 345 B。C。

Democritus of Abdera (460…361 B。C。); celebrated as the 'laughing philosopher;' whose constant thought was 'What fools these mortals be。' He invented the Atomic Theory。

Dio of Syracuse; a disciple of Plato; and afterwards tyrant of Syracuse。 Murdered 353 B。C。

Diogenes; the Cynic; born about 412 B。C。; renowned for his rude…

ness and hardihood。

Diognetus; a painter。

Dispense with; put up with。

Dogmata; pithy sayings; or philosophical rules of life。

EMPEDOCLES of Agrigentum; fl。

5th century B。C。; a philosopher; who first laid down that there were 〃four elements。〃  He believed in the transmigration of souls; and the indestructibility of matter。

Epictetus; a famous Stoic philosopher。  He was of Phrygia; at first a slave; then freedman; lame; poor; and contented。

The work called Encheiridion was compiled by a pupil from his discourses。

Epicureans; a sect of philosophers founded by Epicurus; who 〃combined the physics of Democritus;〃 i。e。 the atomic theory; 〃with the ethics of Aristippus。〃

They proposed to live for happiness; but the word did not bear that coarse and vulgar sense originally which it soon took。

Epicurus of Samos; 342…270 B。C。

Lived at Athens in his 〃gardens;〃 an urbane and kindly; if somewhat useless; life。  His character was simple and temperate; and had none of the vice or indulgence which was afterwards associated with the name of Epicurean。

Eudoxus of Cnidus; a famous astronomer and physician of the 4th century B。 C。

FATAL; fated。

Fortuit; chance (adj。)。

Fronto; M。 Cornelius; a rhetorician and pleader; made consul in 143 A。D。 A number of his letters to M; Aur。  and others are extant。

GRANUA; a tributary of the Danube。

HELICE; ancient capital city of Achaia; swallowed up by an earthquake; 373 B。C。

Helvidius Priscus; son…in…law of Thrasea Paetus; a noble man and a lover of liberty。  He was banished by Nero; and put to death by Vespasian。

Heraclitus of Ephesus; who lived in the 6th century B。C。 He wrote on philosophy and natural science。

Herculaneum; near Mount Vesuvius; buried by the eruption of 79 AD。

Hercules; p。  167; should be Apollo。  See Muses。

Hiatus; gap。

Hipparchus of Bithynia; an astronomer of the 2nd century B。C。; 〃The true father of astronomy。〃

Hippocrates of Cos; about 460…357 B。C。 One of the most famous physicians of antiquity。

IDIOT; means merely the non…proficient in anything; the 〃layman;〃 he who was not technically trained in any art; craft; or calling。

LEONNATUS; a distinguished general under Alexander the Great。

Lucilla; daughter of M。 Aurelius; and wife of Verus; whom she survived。

MAECENAS; a trusted adviser of Augustus; and a munificent patron of wits and literary men。

Maximus; Claudius; a Stoic philosopher。

Menippus; a Cynic philosopher。

Meteores; ta metewrologika; 〃high philosophy;〃 used specially of astronomy and natural philosophy; which were bound up with other speculations。

Middle Comedy; something midway between the Old and New Comedy。 See Comedy; Ancient; and New Comedy。

Middle things; Book 7; XXV。  The Stoics divided all things into virtue; vice; and indifferent things; but as 〃indifferent〃 they regarded most of those things which tbe world regards as good or bad; such as wealth or poverty。  Of these; some were 〃to be desired;〃 some 〃to be rejected。〃

Muses; the nine deities who presided over various kinds of poesy; music; etc。  Their leader was Apollo; one of whose titles is Musegetes; the Leader of the Muses。

NERVES; strings。

New Comedy; the Attic Comedy of Menander and his school; which criticised not persons but manners; like a modern comic opera。 See Comedy; Ancient。

PALESTRA; wrestling school。

Pancratiast; competitor in the pancratium; a combined contest which comprised boxing and wrestling。

Parmularii; gladiators armed with a small round shield (parma)。

Pheidias; the most famous sculptor of antiquity。

Philippus; founder of the Macedonian supremacy; and father of Alexander the Great。

Phocion; an Athenian general and statesman; a noble and high…minded man; 4th century B。C。

He was called by Demosthenes; 〃the pruner of my periods。〃

He was put to death by the State in 317; on a false suspicion; and left a message for his son 〃to bear no grudge against the Athenians。〃

Pine; torment。

Plato of Athens; 429…347 B。C。 He used the dialectic method invented by his master Socrates。

He was; perhaps; as much poet as philosopher。 He is generally identified with the Theory of Ideas; that things are what they are by participation with our eternal Idea。 His 〃Commonwealth〃 was a kind of Utopia。

Platonics; followers of Plato。

Pompeii; near Mount Vesuvius; buried in the eruption of 79 A。 D。

Pompeius; C。 Pompeius Magnus; a very successful general at the end of the Roman Republic (106…48 B。C。)。

Prestidigitator; juggler。

Pythagoras of Samos; a philosopher; scientist; and moralist of the 6th century B。C。

QUADI; a tribe of S。 Germany。

M。 Aurelius carried on war against them; and part of this book was written in the field。

RICTUS; gape; jaws。

Rusticus; Q。 Junius; or Stoic philosopher; twice made consul by M。 Aurelius。

SACRARY; shrine。

Salaminius; Book 7; XXXVII。  Leon of Sala…mis。 Socrates was ordered by the Thirty Tyrants to fetch him before them; and Socrates; at his own peril; refused。

Sarmatae; a tribe dwelling in Poland。

Sceletum; skeleton。

Sceptics; a school of philosophy founded by Pyrrho (4th contury B。C。)。 He advocated 〃suspension of judgment;〃 and taught the relativity of knowledge and impossibility of proof。 The school is not unlike the Agnostic school。

Scipio; the name of two great soldiers; P。 Corn。  Scipio Africanus; conqueror of Hannibal; and P。

Corn。  Sc。  Afr。  Minor; who came into the family by adoption; who destroyed Carthage。

Secutoriani (a word coined by C。); the Sececutores; light…armed gladiators; who were pitted against others with net and trident。

Sextus of Chaeronea; a Stoic philosopher; nephew of Plutarch。

Silly; simple; common。

Sinuessa; a town in Latium。

Socrates; an Athenian philosopher (469…399 B。C。); founder of the dialectic method。  Put to death on a trumped…up charge by his countrymen。

Stint; limit (without implying niggardliness)。

Stoics; a philosophic system founded;by Zeno (4th century B。C。); and systematised by Chrysippus (3rd century B。C。)。 Their physical theory was a pantheistic materialism; their summum bonum 〃to live according to nature。〃  Their wise man needs nothing; he is sufficient to himself; virtue is good; vice bad; external things indifferent。

THEOPHRASTUS; a philosopher; pupil of Aristotle; and his successor as president of the Lyceum。  He wrote a large number of works on philosophy and natural history。 Died 287 B。C。

Thrasea; P。 Thrasea Pactus; a senator and Stoic philosopher; a noble and courageous man。

He was condemned to death by Nero。

Tiberius; 2nd Roman Emperor (14…31 AD。)。 He spent the latter part of his life at Capreae (Capri); off Naples; in luxury or debauchery; neglecting his imperial duties。

To…torn; torn to pieces。

Trajan; 13th Roman Emperor; 52…117 A。D。

VERUS; Lucius Aurelius; colleague of M。 Aurelius in the Empire。

He married Lucilla; daughter of M。 A。; and died 169 A。D。

Vespasian; 9th Roman Emperor XENOCRATES of Chalcedon; 396…314 B。C。; a philosopher; and president of the Academy。





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