the meditations-第49章
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re very disgusting in their manners。
DEMETRIUS of Phalerum; an Athenian orator; statesman; philosopher; and poet。 Born 345 B。C。
Democritus of Abdera (460…361 B。C。); celebrated as the 'laughing philosopher;' whose constant thought was 'What fools these mortals be。' He invented the Atomic Theory。
Dio of Syracuse; a disciple of Plato; and afterwards tyrant of Syracuse。 Murdered 353 B。C。
Diogenes; the Cynic; born about 412 B。C。; renowned for his rude…
ness and hardihood。
Diognetus; a painter。
Dispense with; put up with。
Dogmata; pithy sayings; or philosophical rules of life。
EMPEDOCLES of Agrigentum; fl。
5th century B。C。; a philosopher; who first laid down that there were 〃four elements。〃 He believed in the transmigration of souls; and the indestructibility of matter。
Epictetus; a famous Stoic philosopher。 He was of Phrygia; at first a slave; then freedman; lame; poor; and contented。
The work called Encheiridion was compiled by a pupil from his discourses。
Epicureans; a sect of philosophers founded by Epicurus; who 〃combined the physics of Democritus;〃 i。e。 the atomic theory; 〃with the ethics of Aristippus。〃
They proposed to live for happiness; but the word did not bear that coarse and vulgar sense originally which it soon took。
Epicurus of Samos; 342…270 B。C。
Lived at Athens in his 〃gardens;〃 an urbane and kindly; if somewhat useless; life。 His character was simple and temperate; and had none of the vice or indulgence which was afterwards associated with the name of Epicurean。
Eudoxus of Cnidus; a famous astronomer and physician of the 4th century B。 C。
FATAL; fated。
Fortuit; chance (adj。)。
Fronto; M。 Cornelius; a rhetorician and pleader; made consul in 143 A。D。 A number of his letters to M; Aur。 and others are extant。
GRANUA; a tributary of the Danube。
HELICE; ancient capital city of Achaia; swallowed up by an earthquake; 373 B。C。
Helvidius Priscus; son…in…law of Thrasea Paetus; a noble man and a lover of liberty。 He was banished by Nero; and put to death by Vespasian。
Heraclitus of Ephesus; who lived in the 6th century B。C。 He wrote on philosophy and natural science。
Herculaneum; near Mount Vesuvius; buried by the eruption of 79 AD。
Hercules; p。 167; should be Apollo。 See Muses。
Hiatus; gap。
Hipparchus of Bithynia; an astronomer of the 2nd century B。C。; 〃The true father of astronomy。〃
Hippocrates of Cos; about 460…357 B。C。 One of the most famous physicians of antiquity。
IDIOT; means merely the non…proficient in anything; the 〃layman;〃 he who was not technically trained in any art; craft; or calling。
LEONNATUS; a distinguished general under Alexander the Great。
Lucilla; daughter of M。 Aurelius; and wife of Verus; whom she survived。
MAECENAS; a trusted adviser of Augustus; and a munificent patron of wits and literary men。
Maximus; Claudius; a Stoic philosopher。
Menippus; a Cynic philosopher。
Meteores; ta metewrologika; 〃high philosophy;〃 used specially of astronomy and natural philosophy; which were bound up with other speculations。
Middle Comedy; something midway between the Old and New Comedy。 See Comedy; Ancient; and New Comedy。
Middle things; Book 7; XXV。 The Stoics divided all things into virtue; vice; and indifferent things; but as 〃indifferent〃 they regarded most of those things which tbe world regards as good or bad; such as wealth or poverty。 Of these; some were 〃to be desired;〃 some 〃to be rejected。〃
Muses; the nine deities who presided over various kinds of poesy; music; etc。 Their leader was Apollo; one of whose titles is Musegetes; the Leader of the Muses。
NERVES; strings。
New Comedy; the Attic Comedy of Menander and his school; which criticised not persons but manners; like a modern comic opera。 See Comedy; Ancient。
PALESTRA; wrestling school。
Pancratiast; competitor in the pancratium; a combined contest which comprised boxing and wrestling。
Parmularii; gladiators armed with a small round shield (parma)。
Pheidias; the most famous sculptor of antiquity。
Philippus; founder of the Macedonian supremacy; and father of Alexander the Great。
Phocion; an Athenian general and statesman; a noble and high…minded man; 4th century B。C。
He was called by Demosthenes; 〃the pruner of my periods。〃
He was put to death by the State in 317; on a false suspicion; and left a message for his son 〃to bear no grudge against the Athenians。〃
Pine; torment。
Plato of Athens; 429…347 B。C。 He used the dialectic method invented by his master Socrates。
He was; perhaps; as much poet as philosopher。 He is generally identified with the Theory of Ideas; that things are what they are by participation with our eternal Idea。 His 〃Commonwealth〃 was a kind of Utopia。
Platonics; followers of Plato。
Pompeii; near Mount Vesuvius; buried in the eruption of 79 A。 D。
Pompeius; C。 Pompeius Magnus; a very successful general at the end of the Roman Republic (106…48 B。C。)。
Prestidigitator; juggler。
Pythagoras of Samos; a philosopher; scientist; and moralist of the 6th century B。C。
QUADI; a tribe of S。 Germany。
M。 Aurelius carried on war against them; and part of this book was written in the field。
RICTUS; gape; jaws。
Rusticus; Q。 Junius; or Stoic philosopher; twice made consul by M。 Aurelius。
SACRARY; shrine。
Salaminius; Book 7; XXXVII。 Leon of Sala…mis。 Socrates was ordered by the Thirty Tyrants to fetch him before them; and Socrates; at his own peril; refused。
Sarmatae; a tribe dwelling in Poland。
Sceletum; skeleton。
Sceptics; a school of philosophy founded by Pyrrho (4th contury B。C。)。 He advocated 〃suspension of judgment;〃 and taught the relativity of knowledge and impossibility of proof。 The school is not unlike the Agnostic school。
Scipio; the name of two great soldiers; P。 Corn。 Scipio Africanus; conqueror of Hannibal; and P。
Corn。 Sc。 Afr。 Minor; who came into the family by adoption; who destroyed Carthage。
Secutoriani (a word coined by C。); the Sececutores; light…armed gladiators; who were pitted against others with net and trident。
Sextus of Chaeronea; a Stoic philosopher; nephew of Plutarch。
Silly; simple; common。
Sinuessa; a town in Latium。
Socrates; an Athenian philosopher (469…399 B。C。); founder of the dialectic method。 Put to death on a trumped…up charge by his countrymen。
Stint; limit (without implying niggardliness)。
Stoics; a philosophic system founded;by Zeno (4th century B。C。); and systematised by Chrysippus (3rd century B。C。)。 Their physical theory was a pantheistic materialism; their summum bonum 〃to live according to nature。〃 Their wise man needs nothing; he is sufficient to himself; virtue is good; vice bad; external things indifferent。
THEOPHRASTUS; a philosopher; pupil of Aristotle; and his successor as president of the Lyceum。 He wrote a large number of works on philosophy and natural history。 Died 287 B。C。
Thrasea; P。 Thrasea Pactus; a senator and Stoic philosopher; a noble and courageous man。
He was condemned to death by Nero。
Tiberius; 2nd Roman Emperor (14…31 AD。)。 He spent the latter part of his life at Capreae (Capri); off Naples; in luxury or debauchery; neglecting his imperial duties。
To…torn; torn to pieces。
Trajan; 13th Roman Emperor; 52…117 A。D。
VERUS; Lucius Aurelius; colleague of M。 Aurelius in the Empire。
He married Lucilla; daughter of M。 A。; and died 169 A。D。
Vespasian; 9th Roman Emperor XENOCRATES of Chalcedon; 396…314 B。C。; a philosopher; and president of the Academy。
End