the meditations-µÚ1ÕÂ
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Meditations¡¡
by¡¡Marcus¡¡Aurelius
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
FIRST¡¡BOOK
SECOND¡¡BOOK
THIRD¡¡BOOK
FOURTH¡¡BOOK
FIFTH¡¡BOOK
SIXTH¡¡BOOK
SEVENTH¡¡BOOK
EIGHTH¡¡BOOK
NINTH¡¡BOOK
TENTH¡¡BOOK
ELEVENTH¡¡BOOK
TWELFTH¡¡BOOK
APPENDIX
GLOSSARY
Meditations¡¡
Marcus¡¡Aurelius
Introduction
MARCUS¡¡AURELIUS¡¡ANTONINUS¡¡was¡¡born¡¡on¡¡April¡¡26£»¡¡A¡£D¡£¡¡121¡£¡¡His¡¡real¡¡name¡¡was¡¡M¡£¡¡Annius¡¡Verus£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡was¡¡sprung¡¡of¡¡a¡¡noble¡¡family¡¡which¡¡claimed¡¡descent¡¡from¡¡Numa£»¡¡second¡¡King¡¡of¡¡Rome¡£¡¡Thus¡¡the¡¡most¡¡religious¡¡of¡¡emperors¡¡came¡¡of¡¡the¡¡blood¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡pious¡¡of¡¡early¡¡kings¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡father£»¡¡Annius¡¡Verus£»¡¡had¡¡held¡¡high¡¡office¡¡in¡¡Rome£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡grandfather£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡name£»¡¡had¡¡been¡¡thrice¡¡Consul¡£¡¡Both¡¡his¡¡parents¡¡died¡¡young£»¡¡but¡¡Marcus¡¡held¡¡them¡¡in¡¡loving¡¡remembrance¡£¡¡On¡¡his¡¡father's¡¡death¡¡Marcus¡¡was¡¡adopted¡¡by¡¡his¡¡grandfather£»¡¡the¡¡consular¡¡Annius¡¡Verus£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡was¡¡deep¡¡love¡¡between¡¡these¡¡two¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡very¡¡first¡¡page¡¡of¡¡his¡¡book¡¡Marcus¡¡gratefully¡¡declares¡¡how¡¡of¡¡his¡¡grandfather¡¡he¡¡had¡¡learned¡¡to¡¡be¡¡gentle¡¡and¡¡meek£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡refrain¡¡from¡¡all¡¡anger¡¡and¡¡passion¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Emperor¡¡Hadrian¡¡divined¡¡the¡¡fine¡¡character¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lad£»¡¡whom¡¡he¡¡used¡¡to¡¡call¡¡not¡¡Verus¡¡but¡¡Verissimus£»¡¡more¡¡Truthful¡¡than¡¡his¡¡own¡¡name¡£¡¡He¡¡advanced¡¡Marcus¡¡to¡¡equestrian¡¡rank¡¡when¡¡six¡¡years¡¡of¡¡age£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡the¡¡age¡¡of¡¡eight¡¡made¡¡him¡¡a¡¡member¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ancient¡¡Salian¡¡priesthood¡£¡¡The¡¡boy's¡¡aunt£»¡¡Annia¡¡Galeria¡¡Faustina£»¡¡was¡¡married¡¡to¡¡Antoninus¡¡Pius£»¡¡afterwards¡¡emperor¡£¡¡¡¡Hence¡¡it¡¡came¡¡about¡¡that¡¡Antoninus£»¡¡having¡¡no¡¡son£»¡¡adopted¡¡Marcus£»¡¡changing¡¡his¡¡name¡¡to¡¡that¡¡which¡¡he¡¡is¡¡known¡¡by£»¡¡and¡¡betrothed¡¡him¡¡to¡¡his¡¡daughter¡¡Faustina¡£¡¡His¡¡education¡¡was¡¡conducted¡¡with¡¡all¡¡care¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡ablest¡¡teachers¡¡were¡¡engaged¡¡for¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡was¡¡trained¡¡in¡¡the¡¡strict¡¡doctrine¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Stoic¡¡philosophy£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡his¡¡great¡¡delight¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡taught¡¡to¡¡dress¡¡plainly¡¡and¡¡to¡¡live¡¡simply£»¡¡to¡¡avoid¡¡all¡¡softness¡¡and¡¡luxury¡£¡¡¡¡His¡¡body¡¡was¡¡trained¡¡to¡¡hardihood¡¡by¡¡wrestling£»¡¡hunting£»¡¡and¡¡outdoor¡¡games£»¡¡and¡¡though¡¡his¡¡constitution¡¡was¡¡weak£»¡¡he¡¡showed¡¡great¡¡personal¡¡courage¡¡to¡¡encounter¡¡the¡¡fiercest¡¡boars¡£¡¡At¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡he¡¡was¡¡kept¡¡from¡¡the¡¡extravagancies¡¡of¡¡his¡¡day¡£¡¡The¡¡great¡¡excitement¡¡in¡¡Rome¡¡was¡¡the¡¡strife¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Factions£»¡¡as¡¡they¡¡were¡¡called£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡circus¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡racing¡¡drivers¡¡used¡¡to¡¡adopt¡¡one¡¡of¡¡four¡¡coloursred£»¡¡blue£»¡¡white£»¡¡or¡¡greenand¡¡their¡¡partisans¡¡showed¡¡an¡¡eagerness¡¡in¡¡supporting¡¡them¡¡which¡¡nothing¡¡could¡¡surpass¡£¡¡Riot¡¡and¡¡corruption¡¡went¡¡in¡¡the¡¡train¡¡of¡¡the¡¡racing¡¡chariots£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡all¡¡these¡¡things¡¡Marcus¡¡held¡¡severely¡¡aloof¡£
In¡¡140¡¡Marcus¡¡was¡¡raised¡¡to¡¡the¡¡consulship£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡145¡¡his¡¡betrothal¡¡was¡¡consummated¡¡by¡¡marriage¡£¡¡¡¡Two¡¡years¡¡later¡¡Faustina¡¡brought¡¡him¡¡a¡¡daughter£»¡¡and¡¡soon¡¡after¡¡the¡¡tribunate¡¡and¡¡other¡¡imperial¡¡honours¡¡were¡¡conferred¡¡upon¡¡him¡£
Antoninus¡¡Pius¡¡died¡¡in¡¡161£»¡¡and¡¡Marcus¡¡assumed¡¡the¡¡imperial¡¡state¡£¡¡He¡¡at¡¡once¡¡associated¡¡with¡¡himself¡¡L¡£¡¡Ceionius¡¡Commodus£»¡¡whom¡¡Antoninus¡¡had¡¡adopted¡¡as¡¡a¡¡younger¡¡son¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡with¡¡Marcus£»¡¡giving¡¡him¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡Lucius¡¡Aurelius¡¡Verus¡£¡¡Henceforth¡¡the¡¡two¡¡are¡¡colleagues¡¡in¡¡the¡¡empire£»¡¡the¡¡junior¡¡being¡¡trained¡¡as¡¡it¡¡were¡¡to¡¡succeed¡£¡¡¡¡No¡¡sooner¡¡was¡¡Marcus¡¡settled¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡throne¡¡than¡¡wars¡¡broke¡¡out¡¡on¡¡all¡¡sides¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡east£»¡¡Vologeses¡¡III¡£¡¡¡¡of¡¡Parthia¡¡began¡¡a¡¡long¡meditated¡¡revolt¡¡by¡¡destroying¡¡a¡¡whole¡¡Roman¡¡Legion¡¡and¡¡invading¡¡Syria¡¡£¨162£©¡£¡¡Verus¡¡was¡¡sent¡¡off¡¡in¡¡hot¡¡haste¡¡to¡¡quell¡¡this¡¡rising£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡fulfilled¡¡his¡¡trust¡¡by¡¡plunging¡¡into¡¡drunkenness¡¡and¡¡debauchery£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡war¡¡was¡¡left¡¡to¡¡his¡¡officers¡£¡¡Soon¡¡after¡¡Marcus¡¡had¡¡to¡¡face¡¡a¡¡more¡¡serious¡¡danger¡¡at¡¡home¡¡in¡¡the¡¡coalition¡¡of¡¡several¡¡powerful¡¡tribes¡¡on¡¡the¡¡northern¡¡frontier¡£¡¡Chief¡¡among¡¡those¡¡were¡¡the¡¡Marcomanni¡¡or¡¡Marchmen£»¡¡the¡¡Quadi¡¡£¨mentioned¡¡in¡¡this¡¡book£©£»¡¡the¡¡Sarmatians£»¡¡the¡¡Catti£»¡¡the¡¡Jazyges¡£¡¡In¡¡Rome¡¡itself¡¡there¡¡was¡¡pestilence¡¡and¡¡starvation£»¡¡the¡¡one¡¡brought¡¡from¡¡the¡¡east¡¡by¡¡Verus's¡¡legions£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡caused¡¡by¡¡floods¡¡which¡¡had¡¡destroyed¡¡vast¡¡quantities¡¡of¡¡grain¡£¡¡After¡¡all¡¡had¡¡been¡¡done¡¡possible¡¡to¡¡allay¡¡famine¡¡and¡¡to¡¡supply¡¡pressing¡¡needsMarcus¡¡being¡¡forced¡¡even¡¡to¡¡sell¡¡the¡¡imperial¡¡jewels¡¡to¡¡find¡¡moneyboth¡¡emperors¡¡set¡¡forth¡¡to¡¡a¡¡struggle¡¡which¡¡was¡¡to¡¡continue¡¡more¡¡or¡¡less¡¡during¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡of¡¡Marcus's¡¡reign¡£¡¡During¡¡these¡¡wars£»¡¡in¡¡169£»¡¡Verus¡¡died¡£¡¡¡¡We¡¡have¡¡no¡¡means¡¡of¡¡following¡¡the¡¡campaigns¡¡in¡¡detail£»¡¡but¡¡thus¡¡much¡¡is¡¡certain£»¡¡that¡¡in¡¡the¡¡end¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡succeeded¡¡in¡¡crushing¡¡the¡¡barbarian¡¡tribes£»¡¡and¡¡effecting¡¡a¡¡settlement¡¡which¡¡made¡¡the¡¡empire¡¡more¡¡secure¡£¡¡Marcus¡¡was¡¡himself¡¡comanander¡in¡chief£»¡¡and¡¡victory¡¡was¡¡due¡¡no¡¡less¡¡to¡¡his¡¡own¡¡ability¡¡than¡¡to¡¡his¡¡wisdom¡¡in¡¡choice¡¡of¡¡lieutenants£»¡¡shown¡¡conspicuously¡¡in¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡Pertinax¡£¡¡There¡¡were¡¡several¡¡important¡¡battles¡¡fought¡¡in¡¡these¡¡campaigns£»¡¡and¡¡one¡¡of¡¡them¡¡has¡¡become¡¡celebrated¡¡for¡¡the¡¡legend¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Thundering¡¡Legion¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡a¡¡battle¡¡against¡¡the¡¡Quadi¡¡in¡¡174£»¡¡the¡¡day¡¡seemed¡¡to¡¡he¡¡going¡¡in¡¡favour¡¡of¡¡the¡¡foe£»¡¡when¡¡on¡¡a¡¡sudden¡¡arose¡¡a¡¡great¡¡storm¡¡of¡¡thunder¡¡and¡¡rain¡¡the¡¡lightning¡¡struck¡¡the¡¡barbarians¡¡with¡¡terror£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡turned¡¡to¡¡rout¡£¡¡In¡¡later¡¡days¡¡this¡¡storm¡¡was¡¡said¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡sent¡¡in¡¡answer¡¡to¡¡the¡¡prayers¡¡of¡¡a¡¡legion¡¡which¡¡contained¡¡many¡¡Christians£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡name¡¡Thundering¡¡Legion¡¡should¡¡he¡¡given¡¡to¡¡it¡¡on¡¡this¡¡account¡£¡¡The¡¡title¡¡of¡¡Thundering¡¡Legion¡¡is¡¡known¡¡at¡¡an¡¡earlier¡¡date£»¡¡so¡¡this¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡story¡¡at¡¡least¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡true£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡aid¡¡of¡¡the¡¡storm¡¡is¡¡acknowledged¡¡by¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡scenes¡¡carved¡¡on¡¡Antonine's¡¡Column¡¡at¡¡Rome£»¡¡which¡¡commemorates¡¡these¡¡wars¡£
The¡¡settlement¡¡made¡¡after¡¡these¡¡troubles¡¡might¡¡have¡¡been¡¡more¡¡satisfactory¡¡but¡¡for¡¡an¡¡unexpected¡¡rising¡¡in¡¡the¡¡east¡£¡¡Avidius¡¡Cassius£»¡¡an¡¡able¡¡captain¡¡who¡¡had¡¡won¡¡renown¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Parthian¡¡wars£»¡¡was¡¡at¡¡this¡¡time¡¡chief¡¡governor¡¡of¡¡the¡¡eastern¡¡provinces¡£¡¡By¡¡whatever¡¡means¡¡induced£»¡¡he¡¡had¡¡conceived¡¡the¡¡project¡¡of¡¡proclaiming¡¡himself¡¡emperor¡¡as¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡Marcus£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡then¡¡in¡¡feeble¡¡health£»¡¡should¡¡die£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡report¡¡having¡¡been¡¡conveyed¡¡to¡¡him¡¡that¡¡Marcus¡¡was¡¡dead£»¡¡Cassius¡¡did¡¡as¡¡he¡¡had¡¡planned¡£¡¡Marcus£»¡¡on¡¡hearing¡¡the¡¡news£»¡¡immediately¡¡patched¡¡up¡¡a¡¡peace¡¡and¡¡returned¡¡home¡¡to¡¡meet¡¡this¡¡new¡¡peril¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡emperors¡¡great¡¡grief¡¡was¡¡that¡¡he¡¡must¡¡needs¡¡engage¡¡in¡¡the¡¡horrors¡¡of¡¡civil¡¡strife¡£¡¡He¡¡praised¡¡the¡¡qualities¡¡of¡¡Cassius£»¡¡and¡¡expressed¡¡a¡¡heartfelt¡¡wish¡¡that¡¡Cassius¡¡might¡¡not¡¡be¡¡driven¡¡to¡¡do¡¡himself¡¡a¡¡hurt¡¡before¡¡he¡¡should¡¡have¡¡the¡¡opportunity¡¡to¡¡grant¡¡a¡¡free¡¡pardon¡£¡¡But¡¡before¡¡he¡¡could¡¡come¡¡to¡¡the¡¡east¡¡news¡¡had¡¡come¡¡to¡¡Cassius¡¡that¡¡the¡¡emperor¡¡still¡¡lived£»¡¡his¡¡followers¡¡fell¡¡away¡¡from¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡was¡¡assassinated¡£¡¡¡¡Marcus¡¡now¡¡went¡¡to¡¡the¡¡east£»¡¡and¡¡while¡¡there¡¡the¡¡murderers¡¡brought¡¡the¡¡head¡¡of¡¡Cassius¡¡to¡¡him£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡emperor¡¡indignantly¡¡refused¡¡their¡¡gift£»¡¡nor¡¡would¡¡he¡¡admit¡¡the¡¡men¡¡to¡¡his¡¡presence¡£
On¡¡this¡¡journey¡¡his¡¡wife£»¡¡Faustina£»¡¡died¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡his¡¡return¡¡the¡¡emperor¡¡celebrated¡¡a¡¡triumph¡¡£¨176£©¡£¡¡Immediately¡¡afterwards¡¡he¡¡repaired¡¡to¡¡Germany£»¡¡and¡¡took¡¡up¡¡once¡¡more¡¡the¡¡burden¡¡of¡¡war¡£¡¡His¡¡operations¡¡were¡¡followed¡¡by¡¡complete¡¡success£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡troubles¡¡of¡¡late¡¡years¡¡had¡¡been¡¡too¡¡much¡¡for¡¡his¡¡constitution£»¡¡at¡¡no¡¡time¡¡robust£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡March¡¡17£»¡¡180£»¡¡he¡¡died¡¡in¡¡Pannonia¡£
The¡¡good¡¡emperor¡¡was¡¡not¡¡spared¡¡domestic¡¡troubles¡£¡¡¡¡Faustina¡¡had¡¡borne¡¡him¡¡several¡¡children£»¡¡of¡¡whom¡¡he¡¡was¡¡passionately¡¡fond¡£¡¡Their¡¡innocent¡¡faces¡¡may¡¡still¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡in¡¡many¡¡a¡¡sculpture¡¡gallery£»¡¡recalling¡¡with¡¡odd¡¡effect¡¡the¡¡dreamy¡¡countenance¡¡of¡¡their¡¡father¡£¡¡But¡¡they¡¡died¡¡one¡¡by¡¡one£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡Marcus¡¡came¡¡to¡¡his¡¡own¡¡end¡¡only¡¡one¡¡of¡¡his¡¡sons¡¡still¡¡livedthe¡¡weak¡¡and¡¡worthless¡¡Commodus¡£¡¡On¡¡his¡¡father's¡¡death¡¡Commodus£»¡¡who¡¡succeeded¡¡him£»¡¡undid¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡many¡¡campaigns¡¡by¡¡a¡¡hasty¡¡and¡¡unwise¡¡peace£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡reign¡¡of¡¡twelve¡¡years¡¡proved¡¡him¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡ferocious¡¡and¡¡bloodthirsty¡¡tyrant¡£¡¡Scandal¡¡has¡¡made¡¡free¡¡with¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡Faustina¡¡herself£»¡¡who¡¡is¡¡accused¡¡not¡¡only¡¡of¡¡unfaithfulness£»¡¡but¡¡of¡¡intriguing¡¡with¡¡Cassius¡¡and¡¡egging¡¡him¡¡on¡¡to¡¡his¡¡fatal¡¡rebellion£»¡¡it¡¡must¡¡be¡¡admitted¡¡that¡¡these¡¡charges¡¡rest¡¡on¡¡no¡¡sure¡¡evidence£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡emperor£»¡¡at¡¡all¡¡events£»¡¡loved¡¡her¡¡dearly£»¡¡nor¡¡ever¡¡felt¡¡the¡¡slightest¡¡qualm¡¡of¡¡suspicion¡£
As¡¡a¡¡soldier¡¡we¡¡have¡¡seen¡¡that¡¡Marcus¡¡was¡¡both¡¡capable¡¡and¡¡successful£»¡¡as¡¡an¡¡administrator¡¡he¡¡was¡¡prudent¡¡and¡¡conscientious¡£¡¡Although¡¡steeped¡¡in¡¡the¡¡teachings¡¡of¡¡philosophy£»¡¡he¡¡did¡¡not¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡remodel¡¡the¡¡world¡¡on¡¡any¡¡preconceived¡¡plan¡£¡¡He¡¡trod¡¡the¡¡path¡¡beaten¡¡by¡¡his¡¡predecessors£»¡¡seeking¡¡only¡¡to¡¡do¡¡his¡¡duty¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡he¡¡could£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡out¡¡corruption¡£¡¡He¡¡did¡¡some¡¡unwise¡¡things£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡tr