abraham lincoln and the union-µÚ31ÕÂ
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CHAPTER¡¡XI¡£¡¡NORTHERN¡¡LIFE¡¡DURING¡¡THE¡¡WAR
The¡¡real¡¡effects¡¡of¡¡war¡¡on¡¡the¡¡life¡¡of¡¡nations¡¡is¡¡one¡¡of¡¡those¡¡old¡¡and¡¡complicated¡¡debates¡¡which¡¡lie¡¡outside¡¡the¡¡scope¡¡of¡¡a¡¡volume¡¡such¡¡as¡¡this¡£¡¡¡¡Yet¡¡in¡¡the¡¡particular¡¡case¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Northern¡¡people¡¡it¡¡is¡¡imperative¡¡to¡¡answer¡¡two¡¡questions¡¡both¡¡of¡¡which¡¡have¡¡provoked¡¡interminable¡¡discussion£º¡¡Was¡¡the¡¡moral¡¡life¡¡of¡¡the¡¡North¡¡good¡¡or¡¡bad¡¡in¡¡the¡¡war¡¡years£¿¡¡¡¡Was¡¡its¡¡commercial¡¡life¡¡sound£¿
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A¡¡third¡¡fact¡¡to¡¡be¡¡borne¡¡in¡¡mind¡¡in¡¡connection¡¡with¡¡this¡¡apparent¡¡contradiction¡¡in¡¡evidence¡¡is¡¡the¡¡source¡¡of¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡fortunes¡¡of¡¡Cincinnati£»¡¡a¡¡large¡¡proportion¡¡of¡¡which¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡traced£»¡¡directly¡¡or¡¡indirectly¡¡to¡¡government¡¡contracts¡¡during¡¡the¡¡war¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡some¡¡cases¡¡the¡¡merciless¡¡indifference¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Cincinnati¡¡speculators¡¡to¡¡the¡¡troubles¡¡of¡¡their¡¡country¡¡are¡¡a¡¡local¡¡scandal¡¡to¡¡this¡¡day£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡still¡¡told£»¡¡sometimes¡¡with¡¡scorn£»¡¡sometimes¡¡with¡¡amusement£»¡¡how¡¡perhaps¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡of¡¡these¡¡fortunes¡¡was¡¡made¡¡by¡¡forcing¡¡up¡¡the¡¡price¡¡of¡¡iron¡¡at¡¡a¡¡time¡¡when¡¡the¡¡Government¡¡had¡¡to¡¡have¡¡iron£»¡¡cost¡¡what¡¡it¡¡might¡£
Thus¡¡we¡¡no¡¡sooner¡¡take¡¡up¡¡the¡¡moral¡¡problem¡¡of¡¡the¡¡times¡¡than¡¡we¡¡find¡¡ourselves¡¡involved¡¡in¡¡the¡¡commercial¡¡question£»¡¡for¡¡here£»¡¡as¡¡always£»¡¡morals¡¡and¡¡business¡¡are¡¡intertwined¡£¡¡Was¡¡the¡¡commercial¡¡management¡¡of¡¡the¡¡North¡¡creditable¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Government¡¡and¡¡an¡¡honor¡¡to¡¡the¡¡people£¿¡¡¡¡The¡¡surest¡¡way¡¡to¡¡answer¡¡such¡¡questions¡¡is¡¡to¡¡trace¡¡out¡¡with¡¡some¡¡fullness¡¡the¡¡commercial¡¡and¡¡industrial¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡North¡¡during¡¡the¡¡four¡¡years¡¡of¡¡war¡£
The¡¡general¡¡reader¡¡who¡¡looks¡¡for¡¡the¡¡first¡¡time¡¡into¡¡the¡¡matter¡¡is¡¡likely¡¡to¡¡be¡¡staggered¡¡by¡¡what¡¡statistics¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡say¡£¡¡¡¡Apparently¡¡they¡¡contradict¡¡what¡¡he¡¡is¡¡accustomed¡¡to¡¡hear¡¡from¡¡popular¡¡economists¡¡about¡¡the¡¡waste¡¡of¡¡war¡£¡¡¡¡He¡¡has¡¡been¡¡told¡¡in¡¡the¡¡newspapers¡¡that¡¡business¡¡is¡¡undermined¡¡by¡¡the¡¡withdrawal¡¡of¡¡great¡¡numbers¡¡of¡¡men¡¡from¡¡¡¨productive¡¨¡¡consumption¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fruits¡¡of¡¡labor¡¡and¡¡their¡¡engagement¡¡as¡¡soldiers¡¡in¡¡¡¨unproductive¡¨¡¡consumption¡£¡¡¡¡But£»¡¡to¡¡his¡¡astonishment£»¡¡he¡¡finds¡¡that¡¡the¡¡statistics¡¡of¡¡1861¡1865¡¡show¡¡much¡¡increase¡¡in¡¡Northern¡¡business¡¡as£»¡¡for¡¡example£»¡¡in¡¡1865£»¡¡the¡¡production¡¡of¡¡142¡¡million¡¡pounds¡¡of¡¡wool¡¡against¡¡60¡¡million¡¡in¡¡1860¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡government¡¡reports¡¡show¡¡that¡¡13¡¡million¡¡tons¡¡of¡¡coal¡¡were¡¡mined¡¡in¡¡1860¡¡and¡¡21¡¡million¡¡in¡¡1864£»¡¡in¡¡1860£»¡¡the¡¡output¡¡of¡¡pig¡¡iron¡¡was¡¡821£»000¡¡tons£»¡¡and¡¡1£»014£»282¡¡tons¡¡in¡¡1864£»¡¡the¡¡petroleum¡¡production¡¡rose¡¡from¡¡21¡¡million¡¡gallons¡¡in¡¡1860¡¡to¡¡128¡¡million¡¡in¡¡1862£»¡¡the¡¡export¡¡of¡¡corn£»¡¡measured¡¡in¡¡money£»¡¡shows¡¡for¡¡1860¡¡a¡¡business¡¡of¡¡2£»399£»808¡¡compared¡¡with¡¡10£»592£»704¡¡for¡¡1863£»¡¡wheat¡¡exporting¡¡showed£»¡¡also£»¡¡an¡¡enormous¡¡increase£»¡¡rising¡¡from¡¡14¡¡millions¡¡in¡¡1860¡¡to¡¡46¡¡millions¡¡in¡¡1863¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡are£»¡¡to¡¡be¡¡sure£»¡¡many¡¡statistics¡¡which¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡contradict¡¡these¡£¡¡¡¡Some¡¡of¡¡them¡¡will¡¡be¡¡mentioned¡¡presently¡£¡¡¡¡And¡¡yet£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡whole£»¡¡it¡¡seems¡¡safe¡¡to¡¡conclude¡¡that¡¡the¡¡North£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡close¡¡of¡¡the¡¡third¡¡year¡¡of¡¡war¡¡was¡¡producing¡¡more¡¡and¡¡was¡¡receiving¡¡larger¡¡profits¡¡than¡¡in¡¡1860¡£
To¡¡deal¡¡with¡¡this¡¡subject¡¡in¡¡its¡¡entirety¡¡would¡¡lead¡¡us¡¡into¡¡the¡¡labyrinths¡¡of¡¡complex¡¡economic¡¡theory£»¡¡yet¡¡two¡¡or¡¡three¡¡simple¡¡facts¡¡appear¡¡so¡¡plain¡¡that¡¡even¡¡the¡¡mere¡¡historian¡¡may¡¡venture¡¡to¡¡set¡¡them¡¡forth¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡we¡¡look¡¡into¡¡the¡¡statistics¡¡which¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡show¡¡a¡¡general¡¡increase¡¡of¡¡business¡¡during¡¡the¡¡war£»¡¡we¡¡find¡¡that¡¡in¡¡point¡¡of¡¡fact¡¡this¡¡increase¡¡was¡¡highly¡¡specialized¡£¡¡¡¡All¡¡those¡¡industries¡¡that¡¡dealt¡¡with¡¡the¡¡physical¡¡necessities¡¡of¡¡life¡¡and¡¡all¡¡those¡¡that¡¡dealt¡¡peculiarly¡¡with¡¡armies¡¡flourished¡¡amazingly¡£¡¡And¡¡yet¡¡there¡¡is¡¡another¡¡side¡¡to¡¡the¡¡story£»¡¡for¡¡there¡¡were¡¡other¡¡industries¡¡that¡¡were¡¡set¡¡back¡¡and¡¡some¡¡that¡¡almost£»¡¡if¡¡not¡¡entirely£»¡¡disappeared¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡good¡¡instance¡¡is¡¡the¡¡manufacture¡¡of¡¡cotton¡¡cloth¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡the¡¡war¡¡opened£»¡¡200£»000¡¡hands¡¡were¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡this¡¡manufacture¡¡in¡¡New¡¡England¡£¡¡¡¡With¡¡the¡¡sealing¡¡up¡¡of¡¡the¡¡South¡¡and¡¡the¡¡failure¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cotton¡¡supply£»¡¡their¡¡work¡¡temporarily¡¡ceased¡£¡¡¡¡What¡¡became¡¡of¡¡the¡¡workmen£¿¡¡¡¡Briefly£»¡¡one¡¡of¡¡three¡¡things¡¡happened£º¡¡some¡¡went¡¡into¡¡other¡¡trades£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡munitions£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡war¡¡had¡¡created¡¡an¡¡abnormal¡¡demand¡¡for¡¡labor£»¡¡a¡¡great¡¡number¡¡of¡¡them¡¡became¡¡soldiers£»¡¡and¡¡many¡¡of¡¡them¡¡went¡¡West¡¡and¡¡became¡¡farmers¡¡or¡¡miners¡£¡¡¡¡Furthermore£»¡¡many¡¡whose¡¡trades¡¡were¡¡not¡¡injured¡¡by¡¡the¡¡war¡¡left¡¡their¡¡jobs¡¡and¡¡fled¡¡westward¡¡to¡¡escape¡¡conscription¡£¡¡¡¡Their¡¡places¡¡were¡¡left¡¡open¡¡to¡¡be¡¡filled¡¡by¡¡operatives¡¡from¡¡the¡¡injured¡¡trades¡£¡¡In¡¡one¡¡or¡¡another¡¡of¡¡these¡¡ways¡¡the¡¡laborer¡¡who¡¡was¡¡thrown¡¡out¡¡of¡¡work¡¡was¡¡generally¡¡able¡¡to¡¡recover¡¡employment¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡it¡¡is¡¡important¡¡to¡¡remember¡¡that¡¡the¡¡key¡¡to¡¡the¡¡labor¡¡situation¡¡at¡¡that¡¡time¡¡was¡¡the¡¡vast¡¡area¡¡of¡¡unoccupied¡¡land¡¡which¡¡could¡¡be¡¡had¡¡for¡¡nothing¡¡or¡¡next¡¡to¡¡nothing¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡fact¡¡is¡¡brought¡¡home¡¡by¡¡a¡¡comparison¡¡of¡¡the¡¡situation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡American¡¡with¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡English¡¡workman¡¡during¡¡the¡¡cotton¡¡famine¡£¡¡¡¡According¡¡to¡¡its¡¡own¡¡ideas¡¡England¡¡was¡¡then¡¡fully¡¡cultivated¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡was¡¡no¡¡body¡¡of¡¡land¡¡waiting¡¡to¡¡be¡¡thrown¡¡open£»¡¡as¡¡an¡¡emergency¡¡device£»¡¡to¡¡a¡¡host¡¡of¡¡new¡made¡¡agriculturists¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡the¡¡cotton¡mills¡¡stopped¡¡at¡¡Manchester£»¡¡their¡¡operatives¡¡had¡¡practically¡¡no¡¡openings¡¡but¡¡in¡¡other¡¡industrial¡¡occupations¡£¡¡¡¡As¡¡such¡¡opportunities¡¡were¡¡lacking£»¡¡they¡¡became¡¡objects¡¡of¡¡charity¡¡until¡¡they¡¡could¡¡resume¡¡their¡¡work¡£¡¡As¡¡a¡¡country¡¡with¡¡a¡¡great¡¡reserve¡¡of¡¡unoccupied¡¡land£»¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡was¡¡singularly¡¡fortunate¡¡at¡¡this¡¡economic¡¡crisis¡£
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