history of the impeachment of andrew johnson-第6章
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oming December session; that there would be no sufficient occasion or excuse for interfering with his work by the application of the exasperating conditions that had been foreshadowed by that body。
On this point Mr。 Welles; his Secretary of the Navy; testifies that at the close of a Cabinet meeting held immediately preceding Mr。 Lincoln's death; 〃Mr。 Stanton made some remarks on the general condition of affairs and the new phase and duties upon which we were about to enter。 He alluded to the great solicitude which the President felt on this subject; his frequent recurrence to the necessity of establishing civil governments and preserving order in the rebel States。 Like the rest of the Cabinet; doubtless; he had given this subject much consideration; and with a view of having something practical on which to base action; he had drawn up a rough plan or ordinance which he had handed to the President。
〃The President said he proposed to bring forward that subject; although he had not had time as yet to give much attention to the details of the paper which the Secretary of War had given him only the day before; but that it was substantially; in its general scope; the plan which we had sometimes talked over in Cabinet meetings。 We should probably make some modifications; prescribe further details; there were some suggestions which he should wish to make; and he desired all to bring their minds to the question; for no greater or more important one could come before us; or any future Cabinet。 He thought it providential that; this great rebellion was crushed just as Congress had adjourned; AND THERE WERE NONE OF THE DISTURBING ELEMENTS OF THAT BODY TO HINDER AND EMBARRASS US。 If we were wise and discreet; we should reanimate; the States and get their governments in successful operation; with order prevailing and the Union reestablished; BEFORE CONGRESS CAME TOGETHER IN DECEMBER。 This he thought important。 We could do better; accomplish more without than with them。 There were men in Congress who; if their motives were good; were nevertheless impracticable; and who possessed feelings of hate and vindictiveness in which he did not sympathize and could not participate。 Each House of Congress; he said; had the undoubted right to receive or reject members; the Executive had no control in this matter。 But Congress had NOTHING TO DO WITH THE STATE GOVERNMENTS; which the President could recognize; and under existing laws treat as other States; give the same mail facilities; collect taxes; appoint judges; marshals; collectors; etc。; subject; of course; to confirmation。 There were men who objected to these views; BUT THEY WERE NOT HERE; AND WE MUST MAKE HASTE TO DO OUR DUTY BEFORE THEY CAME HERE。〃
The subjugated States were in a condition that could not be safely permitted to continue for any indefinite period。 It would be inconsistent with the purpose of the war; incongruous to the American system and idea of government; and antagonistic to American political; or even commercial or social autonomy。 Naturally upon Mr。 Lincoln would fall largely the duty and responsibility of formulating and inaugurating some method of restoration。 With the abolition of slavery; the most difficult of settlement of all the obstacles in the way of reconstruction had been removed。 Naturally; too; during the later months of the war; when it became manifest that the end of the struggle was near; the question of reconstruction and the methods whereby it could be most naturally; speedily; and effectively accomplished; came uppermost in his mind。 A humane; just man; and a sincere; broad…brained; patriot and far…seeing statesman; he instinctively rejected the many drastic schemes which filled a large portion of the public press of the North and afterwards characterized many of the suggestions of Congressional action。 With him the prime purpose of the war was the preservation of the political; territorial and economic integrity of the Republicin a word; to restore the Union; without needless humiliation to the defeated party; or the imposition of unnecessarily rigorous terms which could but result in future frictionswithout slaveryand yet with sufficient safeguards against future disloyal association of the sections; and that purpose had been approved by an overwhelming majority of the people in his re…election in 1864。
In these purposes and methods Mr。 Lincoln appears to have had the active sympathy and co…operation of his entire Cabinet; more especially of Mr。 Stanton; his Secretary of War。 Indeed; Mr。 Stanton is understood; from the record; to have been the joint author; with Mr。 Lincoln; of the plan of reconstruction agreed upon at the later meetings of the Cabinet immediately prior to Mr。 Lincoln's death。 Mr。 Stanton proposed to put it in the form of a military orderMr。 Lincoln made an Executive order。 The plan was embodied in what afterwards became known as the 〃North Carolina Proclamation;〃 determined upon by Mr。 Lincoln at his last Cabinet meeting and promulgated by Mr。 Johnson shortly after his accession to the Presidency as Mr。 Lincoln's successor; and is inserted in a subsequent chapter。
Mr。 Lincoln unquestionably comprehended the peculiar conditions under which the Republican party had come to the control of the legislative branch of the Government; and fully realized the incapacity of the dominant element in that control for the delicate work of restoration and reconstructionleading a conquered and embittered people back peacefully and successfully; without unnecessary friction; into harmonious relations to the Union。
No such responsibility; no such herculean task; had ever before; in the history of civilization; devolved upon any ruler or political party。
Mr。 Lincoln seems to have realized the incapacity of party leaders brought to the surface by the tumult and demoralization of the time; whose only exploits and experiences were in the line of destruction and who must approach the task with divided counsel; to cope successfully with the delicate and responsible work of restoration the close of the war had made imperative。 He comprehended the incongruities which characterized that great party better than its professed leaders; and foresaw the futility of any effort on its part; at that time and in its then temper; to the early establishment of any coherent or successful method of restoration。 Hence; unquestionably; his prompt action in that behalf; and his failure to call the Congress into special session; to the end that there should be no time unnecessarily consumed and lost in the institution of some efficient form of civil government in the returning Statessome form that would have the sanction of intelligent authority competent to restore and enforce public order; without the dangers of delay and consequent disorder that must result; and did afterwards result; from the protracted debates sure to follow and did follow the sudden precipitation of the questions of reconstruction and reconciliation upon a mass of Congressmen totally inexperienced in the anomalous conditions of that time; or in the methods most needed for their correction。
That Mr。 Lincoln contemplated the ultimate and not remote enfranchisement of the late slaves; is manifest from his suggestion to Gov。 Hahn; of Louisiana; hereinbefore quoted in connection with the then approaching Convention for the re…establishment of State Government there; and again still more manifest from his last public utterance on April 11; 1865; deprecating the rejection by Congress of his plan for the restoration of Louisiana; in which; he said; speaking of that action by Congress rejecting the Louisiana bill: 〃Grant that the colored male desires the elective franchise。 He will attain it sooner by saving the already advanced steps towards it than by running back over them。〃
It is also apparent in the light of the succeeding history of that time and of that question; that if Mr。 Lincoln's views had been seconded by Congress; the enfranchisement of the negro would have been; though delayed; as certain of accomplishment; and of a vastly higher and more satisfactory planeand the country saved the years of friction and disgraceful public disorder that characterized the enforcement of the Congressional p