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С˵£º history of the impeachment of andrew johnson ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

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o¡¡shall¡¡hereafter¡¡be¡¡appointed¡¡to¡¡any¡¡such¡¡office£»¡¡and¡¡shall¡¡become¡¡duly¡¡qualified¡¡to¡¡act¡¡therein£»¡¡is£»¡¡and¡¡shall¡¡be£»¡¡entitled¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡such¡¡office¡¡until¡¡a¡¡successor¡¡shall¡¡have¡¡been¡¡in¡¡like¡¡manner¡¡appointed¡¡and¡¡duly¡¡qualified£»¡¡except¡¡as¡¡herein¡¡otherwise¡¡provided¡£

Mr¡£¡¡Howe¡¡objected¡¡to¡¡the¡¡exception¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Cabinet¡¡officers¡¡from¡¡the¡¡operation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bill£»¡¡and¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Edmunds¡¡responded¡¡that£º

It¡¡did¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Committee£»¡¡after¡¡a¡¡great¡¡deal¡¡of¡¡consultation¡¡and¡¡reflection£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡right¡¡and¡¡just¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Chief¡¡Executive¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Nation£»¡¡in¡¡selecting¡¡these¡¡named¡¡Secretaries£»¡¡who£»¡¡by¡¡law£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡the¡¡practice¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country£»¡¡and¡¡officers¡¡analogous¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡by¡¡the¡¡practice¡¡of¡¡all¡¡other¡¡countries£»¡¡are¡¡the¡¡confidential¡¡advisers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Executive¡¡respecting¡¡the¡¡administration¡¡of¡¡all¡¡his¡¡Departments£»¡¡should¡¡be¡¡persons¡¡who¡¡were¡¡personally¡¡agreeable¡¡to¡¡him£»¡¡in¡¡whom¡¡he¡¡could¡¡place¡¡entire¡¡confidence¡¡and¡¡reliance£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡whenever¡¡it¡¡should¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡him¡¡that¡¡the¡¡state¡¡of¡¡relations£»¡¡between¡¡him¡¡and¡¡any¡¡of¡¡them¡¡had¡¡become¡¡such¡¡as¡¡to¡¡render¡¡this¡¡relation¡¡of¡¡confidence¡¡and¡¡trust¡¡and¡¡personal¡¡esteem¡¡inharmonious£»¡¡HE¡¡SHOULD¡¡IN¡¡SUCH¡¡CASE¡¡BE¡¡ALLOWED¡¡TO¡¡DISPENSE¡¡WITH¡¡THE¡¡SERVICES¡¡OF¡¡THAT¡¡OFFICER¡¡IN¡¡VACATION¡¡AND¡¡HAVE¡¡SOME¡¡OTHER¡¡PERSON¡¡ACT¡¡IN¡¡HIS¡¡STEAD¡£¡¡We¡¡thought¡¡that¡¡so¡¡much¡¡discretion£»¡¡so¡¡much¡¡confidence£»¡¡so¡¡much¡¡respect¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡properly¡¡attributed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Chief¡¡Magistrate¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Nation¡£¡¡It¡¡may¡¡happen¡¡that¡¡at¡¡some¡¡particular¡¡timesome¡¡people¡¡may¡¡suppose¡¡that¡¡it¡¡has¡¡happened¡¡nowthe¡¡Chief¡¡Magistrate¡¡for¡¡the¡¡time¡¡being¡¡ought¡¡not¡¡to¡¡be¡¡invested¡¡with¡¡such¡¡powers£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡Committee¡¡have¡¡recommended¡¡the¡¡adoption¡¡of¡¡this¡¡rule¡¡respecting¡¡the¡¡tenure¡­of¡­office¡¡as¡¡a¡¡permanent¡¡and¡¡systematic£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡they¡¡believe£»¡¡an¡¡appropriate¡¡regulation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Government¡¡for¡¡all¡¡administrations¡¡and¡¡for¡¡all¡¡time£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡did¡¡appear¡¡to¡¡them¡¡£¨whether¡¡the¡¡reason¡¡may¡¡command¡¡itself¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡or¡¡not£©£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡just¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Executive£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡best¡¡for¡¡the¡¡interest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Nation£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡should¡¡be¡¡allowed¡¡during¡¡a¡¡recess¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡to¡¡change¡¡his¡¡confidential¡¡advisers¡¡if¡¡it¡¡should¡¡appear¡¡to¡¡him¡¡to¡¡be¡¡fit£»¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡that¡¡general¡¡responsibility¡¡which¡¡every¡¡officer¡¡must¡¡be¡¡held¡¡to¡¡the¡¡public¡¡and¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡when¡¡they¡¡meet¡¡again¡£

Mr¡£¡¡Williams¡¡said£º

I¡¡prepared¡¡the¡¡original¡¡bill¡¡in¡¡this¡¡case£»¡¡which¡¡contains¡¡in¡¡different¡¡words¡¡the¡¡exception¡¡contained¡¡in¡¡the¡¡amendment¡¡reported¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Committee¡£¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡regard¡¡the¡¡exception¡¡as¡¡of¡¡any¡¡real¡¡practical¡¡consequence£»¡¡because¡¡I¡¡suppose¡¡if¡¡the¡¡President¡¡and¡¡any¡¡head¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Department¡¡should¡¡disagree¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡make¡¡their¡¡relations¡¡unpleasant£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡President¡¡should¡¡signify¡¡a¡¡desire¡¡that¡¡the¡¡head¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Department¡¡retire¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Cabinet£»¡¡THAT¡¡WOULD¡¡FOLLOW¡¡WITHOUT¡¡ANY¡¡POSITIVE¡¡ACT¡¡OF¡¡REMOVAL¡¡ON¡¡THE¡¡PART¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡PRESIDENT¡£

Mr¡£¡¡Fessenden¡¡said£º

The¡¡Constitution¡¡imposes¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡President¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡the¡¡duty¡¡of¡¡executing¡¡the¡¡laws£»¡¡it¡¡does¡¡not¡¡impose¡¡that¡¡duty¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡Secretaries¡£¡¡They¡¡are¡¡creatures¡¡of¡¡the¡¡law¡¡and¡¡not¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡directly¡£¡¡Some£»¡¡and¡¡perhaps¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡part£»¡¡of¡¡their¡¡functions¡¡are¡¡as¡¡advisers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡President¡¡and¡¡to¡¡aid¡¡him¡¡in¡¡executing¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡in¡¡their¡¡several¡¡Departments¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡some¡¡duties¡¡that¡¡are¡¡specifically¡¡conferred¡¡upon¡¡them¡¡by¡¡Congress¡£¡¡Their¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡the¡¡President£»¡¡as¡¡has¡¡been¡¡well¡¡said¡¡by¡¡gentlemen£»¡¡is¡¡that¡¡mostly¡¡of¡¡confidential¡¡advisers¡£¡¡With¡¡the¡¡exception¡¡of¡¡the¡¡particular¡¡duties¡¡imposed¡¡upon¡¡them¡¡by¡¡law£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Secretary¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Treasury¡¡more¡¡than¡¡on¡¡the¡¡others£»¡¡they¡¡do¡¡nothing¡¡of¡¡their¡¡own¡¡motion£»¡¡but¡¡act¡¡by¡¡order¡¡of¡¡the¡¡President¡¡in¡¡discharging¡¡the¡¡particular¡¡duties¡¡of¡¡their¡¡office¡£¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡That¡¡being¡¡the¡¡peculiar¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡affairs¡¡it¡¡has¡¡always¡¡been¡¡considered¡¡since¡¡the¡¡foundation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Government£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡general¡¡rulethere¡¡may¡¡have¡¡been¡¡one¡¡or¡¡two¡¡exceptions£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡think¡¡there¡¡have¡¡been£»¡¡but¡¡I¡¡am¡¡not¡¡very¡¡positive¡¡on¡¡that¡¡pointthat¡¡the¡¡President¡¡might¡¡select¡¡such¡¡persons¡¡as¡¡he¡¡pleased¡¡to¡¡be¡¡members¡¡of¡¡his¡¡Cabinet¡£¡¡Of¡¡course¡¡the¡¡confirmation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡is¡¡necessary£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡general¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡has¡¡been£»¡¡whether¡¡they¡¡liked¡¡the¡¡men¡¡or¡¡not£»¡¡to¡¡confirm¡¡them¡¡without¡¡any¡¡difficulty£»¡¡because¡¡in¡¡executing¡¡the¡¡great¡¡and¡¡varied¡¡interests¡¡of¡¡this¡¡great¡¡country¡¡it¡¡is¡¡exceedingly¡¡important¡¡that¡¡there¡¡should¡¡be¡¡the¡¡utmost¡¡harmony¡¡between¡¡those¡¡who¡¡are¡¡charged¡¡with¡¡that¡¡execution¡£

The¡¡bill¡¡passed¡¡as¡¡reported¡¡and¡¡went¡¡to¡¡the¡¡House¡£¡¡That¡¡body¡¡amended¡¡it¡¡by¡¡making¡¡Cabinet¡¡officers¡¡non¡­removable¡¡by¡¡the¡¡President¡¡without¡¡the¡¡consent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Senate£»¡¡and¡¡sent¡¡the¡¡bill¡¡back¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Senate£»¡¡when¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Sherman¡¡said£º

It¡¡£¨the¡¡Tenure¡­of¡­Office¡¡bill£©¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡passed£»¡¡and¡¡probably¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡passed£»¡¡long¡¡ago£»¡¡if¡¡a¡¡different¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡affairs¡¡had¡¡existed¡¡before¡£¡¡But¡¡when¡¡you¡¡propose¡¡to¡¡extend¡¡that¡¡principle¡¡to¡¡Cabinet¡¡officers£»¡¡a¡¡very¡¡different¡¡state¡¡of¡¡affairs¡¡arises£»¡¡and¡¡different¡¡circumstances¡¡apply¡¡to¡¡this¡¡subject¡£¡¡Now¡¡I¡¡say£»¡¡that¡¡if¡¡a¡¡Cabinet¡¡officer¡¡should¡¡attempt¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡his¡¡office¡¡for¡¡a¡¡moment¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡time¡¡when¡¡he¡¡retained¡¡the¡¡entire¡¡confidence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡President£»¡¡I¡¡would¡¡not¡¡vote¡¡to¡¡retain¡¡him£»¡¡NOR¡¡WOULD¡¡I¡¡COMPEL¡¡THE¡¡PRESIDENT¡¡TO¡¡LEAVE¡¡ABOUT¡¡HIM¡¡IN¡¡THESE¡¡HIGH¡¡POSITIONS¡¡A¡¡MAN¡¡IN¡¡WHOM¡¡HE¡¡DID¡¡NOT¡¡ENTIRELY¡¡TRUST£»¡¡both¡¡personally¡¡and¡¡politically¡£¡¡It¡¡would¡¡be¡¡unwise¡¡to¡¡require¡¡him¡¡to¡¡administer¡¡the¡¡Government¡¡without¡¡agents¡¡of¡¡his¡¡own¡¡choosing¡£¡¡It¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡me£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡unwise¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡to¡¡engraft¡¡in¡¡this¡¡bill¡¡a¡¡provision¡¡that¡¡would¡¡enable¡¡a¡¡Cabinet¡¡officer¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡on¡¡to¡¡his¡¡office¡¡in¡¡violation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡his¡¡Chief¡£¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡Suppose¡¡the¡¡personal¡¡relations¡¡between¡¡a¡¡Cabinet¡¡officer¡¡and¡¡the¡¡President¡¡became¡¡so¡¡unpleasant¡¡that¡¡they¡¡could¡¡have¡¡no¡¡personal¡¡intercourse¡£¡¡The¡¡Senator¡¡from¡¡Wisconsin¡¡£¨Mr¡£¡¡Howe£©£»¡¡says¡¡in¡¡such¡¡a¡¡case¡¡the¡¡Cabinet¡¡officer¡¡would¡¡resign¡£¡¡Suppose¡¡he¡¡should¡¡hold¡¡on¡¡to¡¡his¡¡power¡¡and¡¡positionwhat¡¡then£¿¡¡There¡¡is¡¡no¡¡power¡¡to¡¡remove¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡President¡¡can¡¡have¡¡no¡¡intercourse¡¡with¡¡him¡£¡¡Would¡¡you¡¡compel¡¡such¡¡a¡¡state¡¡of¡¡affairs£¿¡¡It¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡me¡¡that¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡unwise¡¡to¡¡do¡¡so¡£¡¡That¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡had¡¡no¡¡such¡¡purpose¡¡is¡¡shown¡¡by¡¡its¡¡vote¡¡twice¡¡to¡¡make¡¡this¡¡exception¡£¡¡That¡¡this¡¡provision¡¡does¡¡not¡¡apply¡¡to¡¡the¡¡present¡¡case£»¡¡is¡¡shown¡¡by¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡its¡¡language¡¡is¡¡so¡¡framed¡¡as¡¡NOT¡¡TO¡¡APPLY¡¡TO¡¡THE¡¡PRESENT¡¡PRESIDENT¡£¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡It¡¡would¡¡not¡¡prevent¡¡the¡¡present¡¡President¡¡from¡¡removing¡¡the¡¡present¡¡Secretary¡¡of¡¡War£»¡¡the¡¡Secretary¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Navy£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡Secretary¡¡of¡¡State¡£

A¡¡considerable¡¡number¡¡of¡¡Senators¡¡participated¡¡in¡¡the¡¡debate£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡able¡¡and¡¡exhaustive¡¡to¡¡an¡¡exceptional¡¡degree£»¡¡on¡¡both¡¡sides£»¡¡and¡¡occupied¡¡several¡¡days¡¡in¡¡the¡¡various¡¡stages¡¡of¡¡the¡¡proceeding¡£

Mr¡£¡¡Edmunds¡¡closed¡¡the¡¡debate¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡with¡¡the¡¡following¡¡remarks£º

I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡rise¡¡to¡¡prolong¡¡the¡¡debate£»¡¡but¡¡only¡¡to¡¡express¡¡the¡¡hope¡¡that¡¡the¡¡debate¡¡on¡¡this¡¡question¡¡may¡¡terminatethat¡¡we¡¡may¡¡come¡¡to¡¡a¡¡vote¡£¡¡*¡¡*¡¡*¡¡While¡¡I¡¡should¡¡be¡¡glad¡¡to¡¡occupy¡¡some¡¡time¡¡in¡¡reply¡¡to¡¡some¡¡things¡¡that¡¡have¡¡fallen¡¡in¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡this¡¡debate£»¡¡I¡¡feel¡¡it¡¡to¡¡be¡¡due¡¡to¡¡the¡¡business¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡to¡¡abstain¡£¡¡I¡¡hope¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡will¡¡disagree¡¡to¡¡this¡¡amendment£»¡¡£¨made¡¡by¡¡the¡¡House£©¡¡and¡¡adhere¡¡to¡¡the¡¡bill¡¡as¡¡it¡¡stands¡£

The¡¡vote¡¡was¡¡then¡¡taken£»¡¡and¡¡resulted¡¡in¡¡17¡¡for¡¡agreeing¡¡to¡¡the¡¡House¡¡amendment£»¡¡and¡¡28¡¡against¡¡it¡£

The¡¡action¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡was¡¡reported¡¡to¡¡the¡¡House¡¡and¡¡Conference¡¡Committees¡¡were¡¡appointed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡two¡¡houses¡£

On¡¡the¡¡18th¡¡of¡¡February£»¡¡the¡¡following¡¡substitute¡¡for¡¡the¡¡first¡¡section¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bill¡¡was¡¡reported¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Committee¡¡of¡¡Conference¡¡and¡¡adopted¡¡by¡¡both¡¡Houses£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡bill¡¡went¡¡to¡¡the¡¡President£º

Provided£»¡¡That¡¡the¡¡Secretaries¡¡of¡¡State£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Treasury£»¡¡of¡¡War£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Navy£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Interior£»¡¡the¡¡Postmaster¡¡General¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Attorney¡¡General£»¡¡shall¡¡hold¡¡their¡¡offices¡¡respectively¡¡FOR¡¡AND¡¡DURING¡¡THE¡¡TERMS¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡PRESIDENT¡¡BY¡¡WHOM¡¡THEY¡¡MAY¡¡HAVE¡¡BEEN¡¡APPOINTED£»¡¡and¡¡for¡¡one¡¡month¡¡thereafter£»¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡removal¡¡by¡¡and¡¡with¡¡the¡¡advice¡¡and¡¡consent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Senate¡£

On¡¡Monday£»¡¡March¡¡2nd£»¡¡1867£»¡¡the¡¡President¡¡returned¡¡the¡¡bill¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Senate£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡house¡¡it¡¡had¡¡originated£»¡¡with¡¡his¡¡objections¡¡thereto£»¡¡as¡¡follows£º

To¡¡the¡¡Senate¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£º

I¡¡have¡¡carefully¡¡examined¡¡the¡¡bill¡¡to¡¡regulate¡¡the¡¡tenure¡¡of¡¡certain¡¡civil¡¡offices¡£¡¡The¡¡material¡¡portion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bill¡¡is¡¡contained¡¡in¡¡the¡¡first¡¡section£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡of¡¡the¡¡effect¡¡following£»¡¡namely£º

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