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第5章

areopagitica-第5章

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know; and yet abstain。  Since therefore the knowledge and survey of

vice is in this world so necessary to the constituting of human

virtue; and the scanning of error to the confirmation of truth; how

can we more safely; and with less danger; scout into the regions of

sin and falsity than by reading all manner of tractates and hearing

all manner of reason?  And this is the benefit which may be had of

books promiscuously read。



But of the harm that may result hence three kinds are usually

reckoned。  First; is feared the infection that may spread; but then

all human learning and controversy in religious points must remove

out of the world; yea the Bible itself; for that ofttimes relates

blasphemy not nicely; it describes the carnal sense of wicked men

not unelegantly; it brings in holiest men passionately murmuring

against Providence through all the arguments of Epicurus: in other

great disputes it answers dubiously and darkly to the common

reader。  And ask a Talmudist what ails the modesty of his marginal

Keri; that Moses and all the prophets cannot persuade him to

pronounce the textual Chetiv。  For these causes we all know the

Bible itself put by the Papist must be next removed; as Clement of

Alexandria; and that Eusebian book of Evangelic preparation;

transmitting our ears through a hoard of heathenish obscenities to

receive the Gospel。  Who finds not that Irenaeus; Epiphanius;

Jerome; and others discover more heresies than they well confute;

and that oft for heresy which is the truer opinion?



Nor boots it to say for these; and all the heathen writers of

greatest infection; if it must be thought so; with whom is bound up

the life of human learning; that they writ in an unknown tongue; so

long as we are sure those languages are known as well to the worst

of men; who are both most able and most diligent to instil the

poison they suck; first into the courts of princes; acquainting

them with the choicest delights and criticisms of sin。  As perhaps

did that Petronius whom Nero called his Arbiter; the master of his

revels; and the notorious ribald of Arezzo; dreaded and yet dear to

the Italian courtiers。  I name not him for posterity's sake; whom

Henry VIII。 named in merriment his vicar of hell。  By which

compendious way all the contagion that foreign books can infuse

will find a passage to the people far easier and shorter than an

Indian voyage; though it could be sailed either by the north of

Cataio eastward; or of Canada westward; while our Spanish licensing

gags the English press never so severely。



   But on the other side that infection which is from books of

controversy in religion is more doubtful and dangerous to the

learned than to the ignorant; and yet those books must be permitted

untouched by the licenser。  It will be hard to instance where any

ignorant man hath been ever seduced by papistical book in English;

unless it were commended and expounded to him by some of that

clergy: and indeed all such tractates; whether false or true; are

as the prophecy of Isaiah was to the eunuch; not to be 

UNDERSTOOD WITHOUT A GUIDE。  But of our priests and doctors how

many have been corrupted by studying the comments of Jesuits and

Sorbonists; and how fast they could transfuse that corruption into

the people; our experience is both late and sad。  It is not forgot;

since the acute and distinct Arminius was perverted merely by the

perusing of a nameless discourse written at Delft; which at first

he took in hand to confute。



Seeing; therefore; that those books; and those in great

abundance; which are likeliest to taint both life and doctrine;

cannot be suppressed without the fall of learning and of all

ability in disputation; and that these books of either sort are

most and soonest catching to the learned; from whom to the common

people whatever is heretical or dissolute may quickly be conveyed;

and that evil manners are as perfectly learnt without books a

thousand other ways which cannot be stopped; and evil doctrine not

with books can propagate; except a teacher guide; which he might

also do without writing; and so beyond prohibiting; I am not able

to unfold; how this cautelous enterprise of licensing can be

exempted from the number of vain and impossible attempts。  And he

who were pleasantly disposed could not well avoid to liken it to

the exploit of that gallant man who thought to pound up the crows

by shutting his park gate。



Besides another inconvenience; if learned men be the first

receivers out of books and dispreaders both of vice and error; how

shall the licensers themselves be confided in; unless we can confer

upon them; or they assume to themselves above all others in the

land; the grace of infallibility and uncorruptedness?  And again;

if it be true that a wise man; like a good refiner; can gather gold

out of the drossiest volume; and that a fool will be a fool with

the best book; yea or without book; there is no reason that we

should deprive a wise man of any advantage to his wisdom; while we

seek to restrain from a fool; that which being restrained will be

no hindrance to his folly。  For if there should be so much

exactness always used to keep that from him which is unfit for his

reading; we should in the judgment of Aristotle not only; but of

Solomon and of our Saviour; not vouchsafe him good precepts; and by

consequence not willingly admit him to good books; as being certain

that a wise man will make better use of an idle pamphlet; than a

fool will do of sacred Scripture。



'Tis next alleged we must not expose ourselves to temptations

without necessity; and next to that; not employ our time in vain

things。  To both these objections one answer will serve; out of the

grounds already laid; that to all men such books are not

temptations; nor vanities; but useful drugs and materials wherewith

to temper and compose effective and strong medicines; which man's

life cannot want。  The rest; as children and childish men; who have

not the art to qualify and prepare these working minerals; well may

be exhorted to forbear; but hindered forcibly they cannot be by all

the licensing that Sainted Inquisition could ever yet contrive。 

Which is what I promised to deliver next: that this order of

licensing conduces nothing to the end for which it was framed; and

hath almost prevented me by being clear already while thus much

hath been explaining。  See the ingenuity of Truth; who; when she

gets a free and willing hand; opens herself faster than the pace of

method and discourse can overtake her。



It was the task which I began with; to show that no nation; or

well…instituted state; if they valued books at all; did ever use

this way of licensing; and it might be answered; that this is a

piece of prudence lately discovered。  To which I return; that as it

was a thing slight and obvious to think on; so if it had been

difficult to find out; there wanted not among them long since who

suggested such a course; which they not following; leave us a

pattern of their judgment that it was not the rest knowing; but the

not approving; which was the cause of their not using it。



Plato; a man of high authority; indeed; but least of all for his

Commonwealth; in the book of his Laws; which no city ever yet

received; fed his fancy by making many edicts to his airy

burgomasters; which they who otherwise admire him wish had been

rather buried and excused in the genial cups of an Academic night

sitting。  By which laws he seems to tolerate no kind of learning

but by unalterable decree; consisting most of practical traditions;

to the attainment whereof a library of smaller bulk than his own

Dialogues would be abundant。  And there also enacts; that no poet

should so much as read to any private man what he had written;

until the judges and law…keepers had seen it; and allowed it。  But

that Plato meant this law peculiarly to that commonwealth which he

had imagined; and to no other; is evid

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