areopagitica-第1章
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Areopagitica
by John Milton
A SPEECH FOR THE LIBERTY OF UNLICENSED PRINTING
TO THE PARLIAMENT OF ENGLAND
This is true liberty; when free…born men;
Having to advise the public; may speak free;
Which he who can; and will; deserves high praise;
Who neither can; nor will; may hold his peace:
What can be juster in a state than this?
Euripid。 Hicetid。
They; who to states and governors of the Commonwealth direct
their speech; High Court of Parliament; or; wanting such access in
a private condition; write that which they foresee may advance the
public good; I suppose them; as at the beginning of no mean
endeavour; not a little altered and moved inwardly in their minds:
some with doubt of what will be the success; others with fear of
what will be the censure; some with hope; others with confidence of
what they have to speak。 And me perhaps each of these
dispositions; as the subject was whereon I entered; may have at
other times variously affected; and likely might in these foremost
expressions now also disclose which of them swayed most; but that
the very attempt of this address thus made; and the thought of whom
it hath recourse to; hath got the power within me to a passion; far
more welcome than incidental to a preface。
Which though I stay not to confess ere any ask; I shall be
blameless; if it be no other than the joy and gratulation which it
brings to all who wish and promote their country's liberty; whereof
this whole discourse proposed will be a certain testimony; if not
a trophy。 For this is not the liberty which we can hope; that no
grievance ever should arise in the Commonwealththat let no man in
this world expect; but when complaints are freely heard; deeply
considered and speedily reformed; then is the utmost bound of civil
liberty attained that wise men look for。 To which if I now
manifest by the very sound of this which I shall utter; that we are
already in good part arrived; and yet from such a steep
disadvantage of tyranny and superstition grounded into our
principles as was beyond the manhood of a Roman recovery; it will
be attributed first; as is most due; to the strong assistance of
God our deliverer; next to your faithful guidance and undaunted
wisdom; Lords and Commons of England。 Neither is it in God's
esteem the diminution of his glory; when honourable things are
spoken of good men and worthy magistrates; which if I now first
should begin to do; after so fair a progress of your laudable
deeds; and such a long obligement upon the whole realm to your
indefatigable virtues; I might be justly reckoned among the
tardiest; and the unwillingest of them that praise ye。
Nevertheless there being three principal things; without which
all praising is but courtship and flattery: First; when that only
is praised which is solidly worth praise: next; when greatest
likelihoods are brought that such things are truly and really in
those persons to whom they are ascribed: the other; when he who
praises; by showing that such his actual persuasion is of whom he
writes; can demonstrate that he flatters not; the former two of
these I have heretofore endeavoured; rescuing the employment from
him who went about to impair your merits with a trivial and
malignant encomium; the latter as belonging chiefly to mine own
acquittal; that whom I so extolled I did not flatter; hath been
reserved opportunely to this occasion。
For he who freely magnifies what hath been nobly done; and fears
not to declare as freely what might be done better; gives ye the
best covenant of his fidelity; and that his loyalest affection and
his hope waits on your proceedings。 His highest praising is not
flattery; and his plainest advice is a kind of praising。 For
though I should affirm and hold by argument; that it would fare
better with truth; with learning and the Commonwealth; if one of
your published Orders; which I should name; were called in; yet at
the same time it could not but much redound to the lustre of your
mild and equal government; whenas private persons are hereby
animated to think ye better pleased with public advice; than other
statists have been delighted heretofore with public flattery。 And
men will then see what difference there is between the magnanimity
of a triennial Parliament; and that jealous haughtiness of prelates
and cabin counsellors that usurped of late; whenas they shall
observe ye in the midst of your victories and successes more gently
brooking written exceptions against a voted Order than other
courts; which had produced nothing worth memory but the weak
ostentation of wealth; would have endured the least signified
dislike at any sudden proclamation。
If I should thus far presume upon the meek demeanour of your
civil and gentle greatness; Lords and Commons; as what your
published Order hath directly said; that to gainsay; I might defend
myself with ease; if any should accuse me of being new or insolent;
did they but know how much better I find ye esteem it to imitate
the old and elegant humanity of Greece; than the barbaric pride of
a Hunnish and Norwegian stateliness。 And out of those ages; to
whose polite wisdom and letters we owe that we are not yet Goths
and Jutlanders; I could name him who from his private house wrote
that discourse to the Parliament of Athens; that persuades them to
change the form of democracy which was then established。 Such
honour was done in those days to men who professed the study of
wisdom and eloquence; not only in their own country; but in other
lands; that cities and signiories heard them gladly; and with great
respect; if they had aught in public to admonish the state。 Thus
did Dion Prusaeus; a stranger and a private orator; counsel the
Rhodians against a former edict; and I abound with other like
examples; which to set here would be superfluous。
But if from the industry of a life wholly dedicated to studious
labours; and those natural endowments haply not the worst for two
and fifty degrees of northern latitude; so much must be derogated;
as to count me not equal to any of those who had this privilege; I
would obtain to be thought not so inferior; as yourselves are
superior to the most of them who received their counsel: and how
far you excel them; be assured; Lords and Commons; there can no
greater testimony appear; than when your prudent spirit
acknowledges and obeys the voice of reason from what quarter soever
it be heard speaking; and renders ye as willing to repeal any Act
of your own setting forth; as any set forth by your predecessors。
If ye be thus resolved; as it were injury to think ye were
not; I know not what should withhold me from presenting ye with a
fit instance wherein to show both that love of truth which ye
eminently profess; and that uprightness of your judgment which is
not wont to be partial to yourselves; by judging over again that
Order which ye have ordained to regulate printing:that no book;
pamphlet; or paper shall be henceforth printed; unless the same be
first approved and licensed by such; or at least one of such; as
shall be thereto appointed。 For that part which preserves justly
every man's copy to himself; or provides for the poor; I touch not;
only wish they be not made pretences to abuse and persecute honest
and painful men; who offend not in either of these particulars。
But that other clause of licensing books; which we thought had died
with his brother quadragesimal and matrimonial when the prelates
expired; I shall now attend with such a homily; as shall lay before
ye; first the inventors of it to be those whom ye will be loath to
own; next what is to be thought in general of reading; whatever
sort the books be; and that this Order avails nothing to the
suppressing of scandalous; seditious; and libellous books; which
were mainly intended to be suppressed。 Last; that it will be
primely to the discouragement of all lea