lecture01-第3章

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market…place；　that　I　might　raise　up　the　memorial　of　the　blood　of



those　martyrs；　which　had　been　shed　above　a　thousand　years　before；



and　lay　cold　in　their　streets。　　So　the　sense　of　this　blood　was



upon　me；　and　I　obeyed　the　word　of　the　Lord。〃







Bent　as　we　are　on　studying　religion's　existential　conditions；　we



cannot　possibly　ignore　these　pathological　aspects　of　the　subject。







We　must　describe　and　name　them　just　as　if　they　occurred　in



non…religious　men。　　It　is　true　that　we　instinctively　recoil　from



seeing　an　object　to　which　our　emotions　and　affections　are



committed　handled　by　the　intellect　as　any　other　object　is



handled。　　The　first　thing　the　intellect　does　with　an　object　is　to



class　it　along　with　something　else。　　But　any　object　that　is



infinitely　important　to　us　and　awakens　our　devotion　feels　to　us



also　as　if　it　must　be　sui　generis　and　unique。　　Probably　a　crab



would　be　filled　with　a　sense　of　personal　outrage　if　it　could　hear



us　class　it　without　ado　or　apology　as　a　crustacean；　and　thus



dispose　of　it。　　〃I　am　no　such　thing；　it　would　say；　I　am　MYSELF；



MYSELF　alone。







The　next　thing　the　intellect　does　is　to　lay　bare　the　causes　in



which　the　thing　originates。　　Spinoza　says：　〃I　will　analyze　the



actions　and　appetites　of　men　as　if　it　were　a　question　of　lines；



of　planes；　and　of　solids。〃　　And　elsewhere　he　remarks　that　he



will　consider　our　passions　and　their　properties　with　the　same　eye



with　which　he　looks　on　all　other　natural　things；　since　the



consequences　of　our　affections　flow　from　their　nature　with　the



same　necessity　as　it　results　from　the　nature　of　a　triangle　that



its　three　angles　should　be　equal　to　two　right　angles。　　Similarly



M。　Taine；　in　the　introduction　to　his　history　of　English



literature；　has　written：　〃Whether　facts　be　moral　or　physical；　it



makes　no　matter。　　They　always　have　their　causes。　　There　are



causes　for　ambition；　courage；　veracity；　just　as　there　are　for



digestion；　muscular　movement；　animal　heat。　　Vice　and　virtue　are



products　like　vitriol　and　sugar。〃　　When　we　read　such



proclamations　of　the　intellect　bent　on　showing　the　existential



conditions　of　absolutely　everything；　we　feelquite　apart　from



our　legitimate　impatience　at　the　somewhat　ridiculous　swagger　of



the　program；　in　view　of　what　the　authors　are　actually　able　to



performmenaced　and　negated　in　the　springs　of　our　innermost



life。　　Such　cold…blooded　assimilations　threaten；　we　think；　to



undo　our　soul's　vital　secrets；　as　if　the　same　breath　which　should



succeed　in　explaining　their　origin　would　simultaneously　explain



away　their　significance；　and　make　them　appear　of　no　more



preciousness；　either；　than　the　useful　groceries　of　which　M。　Taine



speaks。







Perhaps　the　commonest　expression　of　this　assumption　that



spiritual　value　is　undone　if　lowly　origin　be　asserted　is　seen　in



those　comments　which　unsentimental　people　so　often　pass　on　their



more　sentimental　acquaintances。　　Alfred　believes　in　immortality



so　strongly　because　his　temperament　is　so　emotional。　　Fanny's



extraordinary　conscientiousness　is　merely　a　matter　of



overinstigated　nerves。　　William's　melancholy　about　the　universe



is　due　to　bad　digestionprobably　his　liver　is　torpid。　　Eliza's



delight　in　her　church　is　a　symptom　of　her　hysterical



constitution。　　Peter　would　be　less　troubled　about　his　soul　if　he



would　take　more　exercise　in　the　open　air；　etc。　　A　more　fully



developed　example　of　the　same　kind　of　reasoning　is　the　fashion；



quite　common　nowadays　among　certain　writers；　of　criticizing　the



religious　emotions　by　showing　a　connection　between　them　and　the



sexual　life。　　Conversion　is　a　crisis　of　puberty　and　adolescence。　



The　macerations　of　saints；　and　the　devotion　of　missionaries；　are



only　instances　of　the　parental　instinct　of　self…sacrifice　gone



astray。　　For　the　hysterical　nun；　starving　for　natural　life；



Christ　is　but　an　imaginary　substitute　for　a　more　earthly　object



of　affection。　And　the　like。＇1＇







＇1＇　　As　with　many　ideas　that　float　in　the　air　of　one's　time；　this



notion　shrinks　from　dogmatic　general　statement　and　expresses



itself　only　partially　and　by　innuendo。　　It　seems　to　me　that　few



conceptions　are　less　instructive　than　this　re…interpretation　of



religion　as　perverted　sexuality。　　It　reminds　one；　so　crudely　is



it　often　employed；　of　the　famous　Catholic　taunt；　that　the



Reformation　may　be　best　understood　by　remembering　that　its　fons



et　origo　was　Luther's　wish　to　marry　a　nun：the　effects　are



infinitely　wider　than　the　alleged　causes；　and　for　the　most　part



opposite　in　nature。　　It　is　true　that　in　the　vast　collection　of



religious　phenomena；　some　are　undisguisedly　amatorye。g。；



sex…deities　and　obscene　rites　in　polytheism；　and　ecstatic



feelings　of　union　with　the　Savior　in　a　few　Christian　mystics。　



But　then　why　not　equally　call　religion　an　aberration　of　the



digestive　function；　and　prove　one's　point　by　the　worship　of



Bacchus　and　Ceres；　or　by　the　ecstatic　feelings　of　some　other



saints　about　the　Eucharist？　　Religious　language　clothes　itself　in



such　poor　symbols　as　our　life　affords；　and　the　whole　organism



gives　overtones　of　comment　whenever　the　mind　is　strongly　stirred



to　expression。　　Language　drawn　from　eating　and　drinking　is



probably　as　common　in　religious　literature　as　is　language　drawn



from　the　sexual　life。　　We　〃hunger　and　thirst〃　after



righteousness；　we　〃find　the　Lord　a　sweet　savor；〃　we　〃taste　and



see　that　he　is　good。〃　　〃Spiritual　milk　for　American　babes；　drawn



from　the　breasts　of　both　testaments；〃　is　a　sub…title　of　the　once



famous　New　England　Primer；　and　Christian　devotional　literature



indeed　quite　floats　in　milk；　thought　of　from　the　point　of　view；



not　of　the　mother；　but　of　the　greedy　babe。







Saint　Francois　de　Sales；　for　instance；　thus　describes　the　〃orison



of　quietude〃：　　〃In　this　state　the　soul　is　like　a　little　child



still　at　the　breast；　whose　mother　to　caress　him　whilst　he　is



still　in　her　arms　makes　her　milk　distill　into　his　mouth　without



his　even　moving　his　lips。　　So　it　is　here。　。　。　。　Our　Lord　desires



that　our　will　should　be　satisfied　with　sucking　the　milk　which　His



Majesty　pours　into　our　mouth；　and　that　we　should　relish　the



sweetness　without　even　knowing　that　it　cometh　from　the　Lord。〃　　　



And　again：　　〃Consider　the　little　infants；　united　and　joined　to



the　breasts　of　their　nursing　mothers　you　will　see　that　from　time



to　time　they　press　themselves　closer　by　little　starts　to　which



the　pleasure　of　sucking　prompts　them。　　Even　so；　during　its



orison；　the　heart　united　to　its　God　oftentimes　makes　attempts　at



closer　union　by　movements　during　which　it　presses　closer　upon　the



divine　sweetness。〃　　Chemin　de　la　Perfection；　ch。　xxxi。；　Amour　de



Dieu；　vii。　ch。　i。















In　fact；　one　might　almost　as　well　interpret　religion　as　a



perversion　of　the　respiratory　function。　　The　Bible　is　full　of　the



language　of　respiratory　oppression：　　〃Hide　not　thine　ear　at　my



breathing；　my　groaning　is　not　hid　from　thee；　my　heart　panteth；　my



strength　faileth　me；　my　bones　are　hot　with　my　roaring　all　the



night　long；　as　the　hart　panteth　after　the　water…brooks；　so　my



soul　panteth　after　thee；　O　my　God：〃　　God's　Breath　in　Man　is　the



title　of　the　chief　work　of　our　best　known　American　mystic　（Thomas



Lake　Harris）；　and　in　certain　non…Christian　countries　the



foundation　of　all　religious　discipline　consists　in　regulation　of



the　inspiration　and　expiration。







These　arguments　are　as　good　as　much　of　the　reasoning　one　hears　in



favor　of　the　sexual　theory。　　But　the　champions　of　the　latter　will



then　say　that　their　chief　argument　h