the history of the telephone-µÚ5ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
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d¡bearded¡¡Dom¡¡Pedro¡¡in¡¡the¡¡centre£»¡¡the¡¡assembled¡¡judges£»¡¡and¡¡scientiststhere¡¡were¡¡fully¡¡fifty¡¡in¡¡all¡¡entered¡¡with¡¡unusual¡¡zest¡¡into¡¡the¡¡proceedings¡¡of¡¡this¡¡first¡¡telephone¡¡exhibition¡£
A¡¡wire¡¡had¡¡been¡¡strung¡¡from¡¡one¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡room¡¡to¡¡the¡¡other£»¡¡and¡¡while¡¡Bell¡¡went¡¡to¡¡the¡¡transmitter£»¡¡Dom¡¡Pedro¡¡took¡¡up¡¡the¡¡receiver¡¡and¡¡placed¡¡it¡¡to¡¡his¡¡ear¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡a¡¡moment¡¡of¡¡tense¡¡expectancy¡£¡¡No¡¡one¡¡knew¡¡clearly¡¡what¡¡was¡¡about¡¡to¡¡happen£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡Emperor£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡dramatic¡¡gesture£»¡¡raised¡¡his¡¡head¡¡from¡¡the¡¡receiver¡¡and¡¡exclaimed¡¡with¡¡a¡¡look¡¡of¡¡utter¡¡amazement£º¡¡¡¨MY¡¡GODIT¡¡TALKS£¡¡¨
Next¡¡came¡¡to¡¡the¡¡receiver¡¡the¡¡oldest¡¡scientist¡¡in¡¡the¡¡group£»¡¡the¡¡venerable¡¡Joseph¡¡Henry£»¡¡whose¡¡encouragement¡¡to¡¡Bell¡¡had¡¡been¡¡so¡¡timely¡£¡¡He¡¡stopped¡¡to¡¡listen£»¡¡and£»¡¡as¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bystanders¡¡afterwards¡¡said£»¡¡no¡¡one¡¡could¡¡forget¡¡the¡¡look¡¡of¡¡awe¡¡that¡¡came¡¡into¡¡his¡¡face¡¡as¡¡he¡¡heard¡¡that¡¡iron¡¡disc¡¡talking¡¡with¡¡a¡¡human¡¡voice¡£¡¡¡¨This£»¡¨¡¡said¡¡he£»¡¡¡¨comes¡¡nearer¡¡to¡¡overthrowing¡¡the¡¡doctrine¡¡of¡¡the¡¡conservation¡¡of¡¡energy¡¡than¡¡anything¡¡I¡¡ever¡¡saw¡£¡¨
Then¡¡came¡¡Sir¡¡William¡¡Thomson£»¡¡latterly¡¡known¡¡as¡¡Lord¡¡Kelvin¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡fitting¡¡that¡¡he¡¡should¡¡be¡¡there£»¡¡for¡¡he¡¡was¡¡the¡¡foremost¡¡elec¡¡¡trical¡¡scientist¡¡at¡¡that¡¡time¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡been¡¡the¡¡engineer¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡Atlantic¡¡Cable¡£¡¡He¡¡listened¡¡and¡¡learned¡¡what¡¡even¡¡he¡¡had¡¡not¡¡known¡¡before£»¡¡that¡¡a¡¡solid¡¡metallic¡¡body¡¡could¡¡take¡¡up¡¡from¡¡the¡¡air¡¡all¡¡the¡¡countless¡¡varieties¡¡of¡¡vibrations¡¡produced¡¡by¡¡speech£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡these¡¡vibrations¡¡could¡¡be¡¡carried¡¡along¡¡a¡¡wire¡¡and¡¡reproduced¡¡exactly¡¡by¡¡a¡¡second¡¡metallic¡¡body¡£¡¡He¡¡nodded¡¡his¡¡head¡¡solemnly¡¡as¡¡he¡¡rose¡¡from¡¡the¡¡receiver¡£¡¡¡¨It¡¡DOES¡¡speak£»¡¨¡¡he¡¡said¡¡emphatically¡£¡¡¡¨It¡¡is¡¡the¡¡most¡¡wonderful¡¡thing¡¡I¡¡have¡¡seen¡¡in¡¡America¡£¡¨
So£»¡¡one¡¡after¡¡another£»¡¡this¡¡notable¡¡company¡¡of¡¡men¡¡listened¡¡to¡¡the¡¡voice¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡telephone£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡more¡¡they¡¡knew¡¡of¡¡science£»¡¡the¡¡less¡¡they¡¡were¡¡inclined¡¡to¡¡believe¡¡their¡¡ears¡£¡¡The¡¡wiser¡¡they¡¡were£»¡¡the¡¡more¡¡they¡¡wondered¡£¡¡To¡¡Henry¡¡and¡¡Thomson£»¡¡the¡¡masters¡¡of¡¡electrical¡¡magic£»¡¡this¡¡instrument¡¡was¡¡as¡¡surprising¡¡as¡¡it¡¡was¡¡to¡¡the¡¡man¡¡in¡¡the¡¡street¡£¡¡And¡¡both¡¡were¡¡noble¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡admit¡¡frankly¡¡their¡¡astonishment¡¡in¡¡the¡¡reports¡¡which¡¡they¡¡made¡¡as¡¡judges£»¡¡when¡¡they¡¡gave¡¡Bell¡¡a¡¡Certificate¡¡of¡¡Award¡£¡¡¡¨Mr¡£¡¡Bell¡¡has¡¡achieved¡¡a¡¡result¡¡of¡¡transcendent¡¡scientific¡¡interest£»¡¨¡¡wrote¡¡Sir¡¡William¡¡Thomson¡£¡¡¡¨I¡¡heard¡¡it¡¡speak¡¡distinctly¡¡several¡¡sentences¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡I¡¡was¡¡astonished¡¡and¡¡delighted¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡marvel¡¡hitherto¡¡achieved¡¡by¡¡the¡¡electric¡¡telegraph¡£¡¨
Until¡¡nearly¡¡ten¡¡o'clock¡¡that¡¡night¡¡the¡¡judges¡¡talked¡¡and¡¡listened¡¡by¡¡turns¡¡at¡¡the¡¡telephone¡£¡¡Then£»¡¡next¡¡morning£»¡¡they¡¡brought¡¡the¡¡apparatus¡¡to¡¡the¡¡judges'¡¡pavilion£»¡¡where¡¡for¡¡the¡¡remainder¡¡of¡¡the¡¡summer¡¡it¡¡was¡¡mobbed¡¡by¡¡judges¡¡and¡¡scientists¡£¡¡Sir¡¡William¡¡Thomson¡¡and¡¡his¡¡wife¡¡ran¡¡back¡¡and¡¡forth¡¡between¡¡the¡¡two¡¡ends¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wire¡¡like¡¡a¡¡pair¡¡of¡¡delighted¡¡children¡£¡¡And¡¡thus¡¡it¡¡happened¡¡that¡¡the¡¡crude¡¡little¡¡instrument¡¡that¡¡had¡¡been¡¡tossed¡¡into¡¡an¡¡out¡of¡the¡way¡¡corner¡¡became¡¡the¡¡star¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Centennial¡£¡¡It¡¡had¡¡been¡¡given¡¡no¡¡more¡¡than¡¡eighteen¡¡words¡¡in¡¡the¡¡official¡¡catalogue£»¡¡and¡¡here¡¡it¡¡was¡¡acclaimed¡¡as¡¡the¡¡wonder¡¡of¡¡wonders¡£¡¡It¡¡had¡¡been¡¡conceived¡¡in¡¡a¡¡cellar¡¡and¡¡born¡¡in¡¡a¡¡machine¡shop£»¡¡and¡¡now£»¡¡of¡¡all¡¡the¡¡gifts¡¡that¡¡our¡¡young¡¡American¡¡Republic¡¡had¡¡received¡¡on¡¡its¡¡one¡hundredth¡¡birthday£»¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡was¡¡honored¡¡as¡¡the¡¡rarest¡¡and¡¡most¡¡welcome¡¡of¡¡them¡¡all¡£
CHAPTER¡¡II
THE¡¡BUILDING¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡BUSINESS
After¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡had¡¡been¡¡born¡¡in¡¡Boston£»¡¡baptized¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Patent¡¡Office£»¡¡and¡¡given¡¡a¡¡royal¡¡reception¡¡at¡¡the¡¡Philadelphia¡¡Centennial£»¡¡it¡¡might¡¡be¡¡supposed¡¡that¡¡its¡¡life¡¡thenceforth¡¡would¡¡be¡¡one¡¡of¡¡peace¡¡and¡¡pleasantness¡£¡¡But¡¡as¡¡this¡¡is¡¡history£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡fancy£»¡¡there¡¡must¡¡be¡¡set¡¡down¡¡the¡¡very¡¡surprising¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡the¡¡young¡¡newcomer¡¡received¡¡no¡¡welcome¡¡and¡¡no¡¡notice¡¡from¡¡the¡¡great¡¡business¡¡world¡£¡¡¡¨It¡¡is¡¡a¡¡scientific¡¡toy£»¡¨¡¡said¡¡the¡¡men¡¡of¡¡trade¡¡and¡¡commerce¡£¡¡¡¨It¡¡is¡¡an¡¡interesting¡¡instrument£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡for¡¡professors¡¡of¡¡electricity¡¡and¡¡acoustics£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡can¡¡never¡¡be¡¡a¡¡practical¡¡necessity¡£¡¡As¡¡well¡¡might¡¡you¡¡propose¡¡to¡¡put¡¡a¡¡telescope¡¡into¡¡a¡¡steel¡mill¡¡or¡¡to¡¡hitch¡¡a¡¡balloon¡¡to¡¡a¡¡shoe¡¡¡factory¡£¡¨
Poor¡¡Bell£»¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡being¡¡applauded£»¡¡was¡¡pelted¡¡with¡¡a¡¡hailstorm¡¡of¡¡ridicule¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡an¡¡¡¨impostor£»¡¨¡¡a¡¡¡¨ventriloquist£»¡¨¡¡a¡¡¡¨crank¡¡who¡¡says¡¡he¡¡can¡¡talk¡¡through¡¡a¡¡wire¡£¡¨¡¡The¡¡London¡¡Times¡¡alluded¡¡pompously¡¡to¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡as¡¡the¡¡latest¡¡American¡¡humbug£»¡¡and¡¡gave¡¡many¡¡profound¡¡reasons¡¡why¡¡speech¡¡could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡sent¡¡over¡¡a¡¡wire£»¡¡because¡¡of¡¡the¡¡intermittent¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡electric¡¡current¡£¡¡Almost¡¡all¡¡electriciansthe¡¡men¡¡who¡¡were¡¡supposed¡¡to¡¡knowpronounced¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡an¡¡impossible¡¡thing£»¡¡and¡¡those¡¡who¡¡did¡¡not¡¡openly¡¡declare¡¡it¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡hoax£»¡¡believed¡¡that¡¡Bell¡¡had¡¡stumbled¡¡upon¡¡some¡¡freakish¡¡use¡¡of¡¡electricity£»¡¡which¡¡could¡¡never¡¡be¡¡of¡¡any¡¡practical¡¡value¡£
Even¡¡though¡¡he¡¡came¡¡late¡¡in¡¡the¡¡succession¡¡of¡¡inventors£»¡¡Bell¡¡had¡¡to¡¡run¡¡the¡¡gantlet¡¡of¡¡scoffing¡¡and¡¡adversity¡£¡¡By¡¡the¡¡reception¡¡that¡¡the¡¡public¡¡gave¡¡to¡¡his¡¡telephone£»¡¡he¡¡learned¡¡to¡¡sympathize¡¡with¡¡Howe£»¡¡whose¡¡first¡¡sewing¡machine¡¡was¡¡smashed¡¡by¡¡a¡¡Boston¡¡mob£»¡¡with¡¡McCormick£»¡¡whose¡¡first¡¡reaper¡¡was¡¡called¡¡¡¨a¡¡cross¡¡between¡¡an¡¡Astley¡¡chariot£»¡¡a¡¡wheelbarrow£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡flying¡¡¡machine¡¨£»¡¡with¡¡Morse£»¡¡whom¡¡ten¡¡Congresses¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡a¡¡nuisance£»¡¡with¡¡Cyrus¡¡Field£»¡¡whose¡¡Atlantic¡¡Cable¡¡was¡¡denounced¡¡as¡¡¡¨a¡¡mad¡¡freak¡¡of¡¡stubborn¡¡ignorance¡¨£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡Westinghouse£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡called¡¡a¡¡fool¡¡for¡¡proposing¡¡¡¨to¡¡stop¡¡a¡¡railroad¡¡train¡¡with¡¡wind¡£¡¨
The¡¡very¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡talking¡¡at¡¡a¡¡piece¡¡of¡¡sheet¡¡¡iron¡¡was¡¡so¡¡new¡¡and¡¡extraordinary¡¡that¡¡the¡¡normal¡¡mind¡¡repulsed¡¡it¡£¡¡Alike¡¡to¡¡the¡¡laborer¡¡and¡¡the¡¡scientist£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡incomprehensible¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡too¡¡freakish£»¡¡too¡¡bizarre£»¡¡to¡¡be¡¡used¡¡outside¡¡of¡¡the¡¡laboratory¡¡and¡¡the¡¡museum¡£¡¡No¡¡one£»¡¡literally£»¡¡could¡¡understand¡¡how¡¡it¡¡worked£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡only¡¡man¡¡who¡¡offered¡¡a¡¡clear¡¡solution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mystery¡¡was¡¡a¡¡Boston¡¡mechanic£»¡¡who¡¡maintained¡¡that¡¡there¡¡was¡¡¡¨a¡¡hole¡¡through¡¡the¡¡middle¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wire¡£¡¨
People¡¡who¡¡talked¡¡for¡¡the¡¡first¡¡time¡¡into¡¡a¡¡telephone¡¡box¡¡had¡¡a¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡stage¡¡fright¡£¡¡They¡¡felt¡¡foolish¡£¡¡To¡¡do¡¡so¡¡seemed¡¡an¡¡absurd¡¡performance£»¡¡especially¡¡when¡¡they¡¡had¡¡to¡¡shout¡¡at¡¡the¡¡top¡¡of¡¡their¡¡voices¡£¡¡Plainly£»¡¡whatever¡¡of¡¡convenience¡¡there¡¡might¡¡be¡¡in¡¡this¡¡new¡¡contrivance¡¡was¡¡far¡¡outweighed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡loss¡¡of¡¡personal¡¡dignity£»¡¡and¡¡very¡¡few¡¡men¡¡had¡¡sufficient¡¡imagination¡¡to¡¡picture¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡as¡¡a¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡machinery¡¡of¡¡their¡¡daily¡¡work¡£¡¡The¡¡banker¡¡said¡¡it¡¡might¡¡do¡¡well¡¡enough¡¡for¡¡grocers£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡it¡¡would¡¡never¡¡be¡¡of¡¡any¡¡value¡¡to¡¡banking£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡grocer¡¡said¡¡it¡¡might¡¡do¡¡well¡¡enough¡¡for¡¡bankers£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡it¡¡would¡¡never¡¡be¡¡of¡¡any¡¡value¡¡to¡¡grocers¡£
As¡¡Bell¡¡had¡¡worked¡¡out¡¡his¡¡invention¡¡in¡¡Salem£»¡¡one¡¡editor¡¡displayed¡¡the¡¡headline£»¡¡¡¨Salem¡¡Witchcraft¡£¡¨¡¡The¡¡New¡¡York¡¡Herald¡¡said£º¡¡¡¨The¡¡effect¡¡is¡¡weird¡¡and¡¡almost¡¡supernatural¡£¡¨¡¡The¡¡Providence¡¡Press¡¡said£º¡¡¡¨It¡¡is¡¡hard¡¡to¡¡resist¡¡the¡¡notion¡¡that¡¡the¡¡powers¡¡of¡¡darkness¡¡are¡¡somehow¡¡in¡¡league¡¡with¡¡it¡£¡¨¡¡And¡¡The¡¡Boston¡¡Times¡¡said£»¡¡in¡¡an¡¡editorial¡¡of¡¡bantering¡¡ridicule£º¡¡¡¨A¡¡fellow¡¡can¡¡now¡¡court¡¡his¡¡girl¡¡in¡¡China¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡in¡¡East¡¡Boston£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡most¡¡serious¡¡aspect¡¡of¡¡this¡¡invention¡¡is¡¡the¡¡awful¡¡and¡¡irresponsible¡¡power¡¡it¡¡will¡¡give¡¡to¡¡the¡¡average¡¡mother¡in¡¡¡law£»¡¡who¡¡will¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡send¡¡her¡¡voice¡¡around¡¡the¡¡habitable¡¡globe¡£¡¨
There¡¡were¡¡hundreds¡¡of¡¡shrewd¡¡capitalists¡¡in¡¡American¡¡cities¡¡in¡¡1876£»¡¡looking¡¡with¡¡sharp¡¡eyes¡¡in¡¡all¡¡directions¡¡for¡¡business¡¡chances£»¡¡but¡¡not¡¡one¡¡of¡¡them¡¡came¡¡to¡¡Bell¡¡with¡¡an¡¡offer¡¡to¡¡buy¡¡his¡¡patent¡£¡¡Not¡¡one¡¡came¡¡running¡¡for¡¡a¡¡State¡¡contract¡£¡¡And¡¡neither¡¡did¡¡any¡¡legislature£»¡¡or¡¡city¡¡council£»¡¡come¡¡forward¡¡to¡¡the¡¡task¡¡of¡¡giving¡¡the¡¡people¡¡a¡¡cheap¡¡and¡¡efficient¡¡telephone¡¡service¡£¡¡As¡¡for¡¡Bell¡¡himself£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡not¡¡a¡¡man¡¡of¡¡affairs¡£¡¡In¡¡all¡¡practical¡¡business¡¡matters£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡as¡¡incompetent¡¡as¡¡a¡¡Byron¡¡or¡¡a¡¡Shelley¡£¡¡He¡¡had¡¡done¡¡his¡¡part£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡now¡¡remained¡¡for¡¡men¡¡of¡¡different¡¡abilities¡¡to¡¡take¡¡up¡¡his¡¡telephone¡¡and¡¡adapt¡¡it¡¡to¡¡the¡¡uses¡¡and¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡business¡¡world¡£
The¡¡first¡¡man¡¡to¡¡undertake¡¡this¡¡work¡¡was¡¡Gardiner¡¡G¡£¡¡Hubbard£»¡¡who¡¡became¡¡soon¡¡afterwards¡¡the¡¡father¡in¡law¡¡of¡¡Bell¡£¡¡He£»¡¡too£»¡¡was¡¡a¡¡man¡¡of¡¡enthusiasm¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡of¡¡efficiency¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡not¡¡a¡¡man¡¡of¡¡wealth¡¡or¡¡business¡¡experience£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡was¡¡admirably¡¡suited¡¡to¡¡introduce¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡to¡¡a¡¡hostile¡¡public¡£¡¡His¡¡father¡¡had¡¡been¡¡a¡¡judge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Massachusetts¡¡Supreme¡¡Court£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡himself¡¡was¡¡a¡¡lawyer¡¡whose¡¡practice¡¡had¡¡been¡¡mainly¡¡in¡¡matters¡¡of¡¡legislation¡£¡¡He¡¡was£»¡¡in¡¡1876£»¡¡a¡¡man¡¡of¡¡venerable¡¡appear