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he¡¡very¡¡newsboys¡¡in¡¡the¡¡streets¡¡are¡¡crying¡¡it¡£¡¡And¡¡while¡¡there¡¡is£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡no¡¡exact¡¡blueprint¡¡of¡¡a¡¡best¡¡possible¡¡telephone¡¡system£»¡¡we¡¡can¡¡now¡¡see¡¡the¡¡general¡¡outlines¡¡of¡¡Vail's¡¡plan¡£
There¡¡is¡¡nothing¡¡mysterious¡¡or¡¡ominous¡¡in¡¡this¡¡plan¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡nothing¡¡to¡¡do¡¡with¡¡the¡¡pools¡¡and¡¡conspiracies¡¡of¡¡Wall¡¡Street¡£¡¡No¡¡one¡¡will¡¡be¡¡squeezed¡¡out¡¡except¡¡the¡¡promoters¡¡of¡¡paper¡¡companies¡£¡¡The¡¡simple¡¡fact¡¡is¡¡that¡¡Vail¡¡is¡¡organizing¡¡a¡¡complete¡¡Bell¡¡System¡¡for¡¡the¡¡same¡¡reason¡¡that¡¡he¡¡built¡¡one¡¡big¡¡comfortable¡¡barn¡¡for¡¡his¡¡Swiss¡¡cattle¡¡and¡¡his¡¡Welsh¡¡ponies£»¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡half¡¡a¡¡dozen¡¡small¡¡uncomfortable¡¡sheds¡£¡¡He¡¡has¡¡never¡¡been¡¡a¡¡¡¨high¡¡financier¡¨¡¡to¡¡juggle¡¡profits¡¡out¡¡of¡¡other¡¡men's¡¡losses¡£¡¡He¡¡is¡¡merely¡¡applying¡¡to¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡business¡¡the¡¡same¡¡hard¡¡sense¡¡that¡¡any¡¡farmer¡¡uses¡¡in¡¡the¡¡management¡¡of¡¡his¡¡farm¡£¡¡He¡¡is¡¡building¡¡a¡¡Big¡¡Barn£»¡¡metaphorically£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡and¡¡telegraph¡£
Plainly£»¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡system¡¡of¡¡the¡¡future¡¡will¡¡be¡¡national£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡any¡¡two¡¡people¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡country¡¡will¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡talk¡¡to¡¡one¡¡another¡£¡¡It¡¡will¡¡not¡¡be¡¡competitive£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡reason¡¡that¡¡no¡¡farmer¡¡would¡¡think¡¡for¡¡a¡¡moment¡¡of¡¡running¡¡his¡¡farm¡¡on¡¡competitive¡¡lines¡£¡¡It¡¡will¡¡have¡¡a¡¡staff¡¡¡and¡line¡¡organization£»¡¡to¡¡use¡¡a¡¡military¡¡phrase¡£¡¡Each¡¡local¡¡company¡¡will¡¡continue¡¡to¡¡handle¡¡its¡¡own¡¡local¡¡affairs£»¡¡and¡¡exercise¡¡to¡¡the¡¡full¡¡the¡¡basic¡¡virtue¡¡of¡¡self¡help¡£¡¡But¡¡there¡¡will¡¡also¡¡be£»¡¡as¡¡now£»¡¡a¡¡central¡¡body¡¡of¡¡experts¡¡to¡¡handle¡¡the¡¡larger¡¡affairs¡¡that¡¡are¡¡common¡¡to¡¡all¡¡companies¡£¡¡No¡¡separateness¡¡or¡¡secession¡¡on¡¡the¡¡one¡¡side£»¡¡nor¡¡bureaucracy¡¡on¡¡the¡¡otherthat¡¡is¡¡the¡¡typically¡¡American¡¡idea¡¡that¡¡underlies¡¡the¡¡ideal¡¡telephone¡¡system¡£
The¡¡line¡¡of¡¡authority£»¡¡in¡¡such¡¡a¡¡system£»¡¡will¡¡begin¡¡with¡¡the¡¡local¡¡manager¡£¡¡From¡¡him¡¡it¡¡will¡¡rise¡¡to¡¡the¡¡directors¡¡of¡¡the¡¡State¡¡company£»¡¡then¡¡higher¡¡still¡¡to¡¡the¡¡directors¡¡of¡¡the¡¡national¡¡company£»¡¡and¡¡finally£»¡¡above¡¡all¡¡corporate¡¡leaders¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Federal¡¡Government¡¡itself¡£¡¡The¡¡failure¡¡of¡¡government¡¡ownership¡¡of¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡in¡¡so¡¡many¡¡foreign¡¡countries¡¡does¡¡not¡¡mean¡¡that¡¡the¡¡private¡¡companies¡¡will¡¡have¡¡absolute¡¡power¡£¡¡Quite¡¡the¡¡reverse¡£¡¡The¡¡lesson¡¡of¡¡thirty¡¡years'¡¡experience¡¡shows¡¡that¡¡a¡¡private¡¡telephone¡¡company¡¡is¡¡apt¡¡to¡¡be¡¡much¡¡more¡¡obedient¡¡to¡¡the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡than¡¡if¡¡it¡¡were¡¡a¡¡Government¡¡de¡¡¡partment¡£¡¡But¡¡it¡¡is¡¡an¡¡axiom¡¡of¡¡democracy¡¡that¡¡no¡¡company£»¡¡however¡¡well¡¡conducted£»¡¡will¡¡be¡¡permitted¡¡to¡¡control¡¡a¡¡public¡¡convenience¡¡without¡¡being¡¡held¡¡strictly¡¡responsible¡¡for¡¡its¡¡own¡¡acts¡£¡¡As¡¡politics¡¡becomes¡¡less¡¡of¡¡a¡¡game¡¡and¡¡more¡¡of¡¡a¡¡responsibility£»¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡of¡¡the¡¡future¡¡will¡¡doubtless¡¡be¡¡supervised¡¡by¡¡some¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡public¡¡committee£»¡¡which¡¡will¡¡have¡¡power¡¡to¡¡pass¡¡upon¡¡complaints£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡the¡¡nuisance¡¡of¡¡duplication¡¡and¡¡the¡¡swindle¡¡of¡¡watering¡¡stock¡£
As¡¡this¡¡Federal¡¡supervision¡¡becomes¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡efficient£»¡¡the¡¡present¡¡fear¡¡of¡¡monopoly¡¡will¡¡decrease£»¡¡just¡¡as¡¡it¡¡did¡¡in¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡the¡¡railways¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡a¡¡fact£»¡¡although¡¡now¡¡generally¡¡forgotten£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡first¡¡railways¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡were¡¡run¡¡for¡¡ten¡¡years¡¡or¡¡more¡¡on¡¡an¡¡anti¡monopoly¡¡plan¡£¡¡The¡¡tracks¡¡were¡¡free¡¡to¡¡all¡£¡¡Any¡¡one¡¡who¡¡owned¡¡a¡¡cart¡¡with¡¡flanged¡¡wheels¡¡could¡¡drive¡¡it¡¡on¡¡the¡¡rails¡¡and¡¡compete¡¡with¡¡the¡¡locomotives¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡a¡¡happy¡go¡lucky¡¡jumble¡¡of¡¡trains¡¡and¡¡wagons£»¡¡all¡¡held¡¡back¡¡by¡¡the¡¡slowest¡¡team£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡continued¡¡on¡¡some¡¡railways¡¡until¡¡as¡¡late¡¡as¡¡1857¡£¡¡By¡¡that¡¡time¡¡the¡¡people¡¡saw¡¡that¡¡com¡¡¡petition¡¡on¡¡a¡¡railway¡¡track¡¡was¡¡absurd¡£¡¡They¡¡allowed¡¡each¡¡track¡¡to¡¡be¡¡monopolized¡¡by¡¡one¡¡company£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡era¡¡of¡¡expansion¡¡began¡£
No¡¡one£»¡¡certainly£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡present¡¡time£»¡¡regrets¡¡the¡¡passing¡¡of¡¡the¡¡independent¡¡teamster¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡much¡¡more¡¡arbitrary¡¡and¡¡expensive¡¡than¡¡any¡¡railroad¡¡has¡¡ever¡¡dared¡¡to¡¡be£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡the¡¡country¡¡grew£»¡¡he¡¡became¡¡impossible¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡not¡¡the¡¡fittest¡¡to¡¡survive¡£¡¡For¡¡the¡¡general¡¡good£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡held¡¡back¡¡from¡¡competing¡¡with¡¡the¡¡railroad£»¡¡and¡¡taught¡¡to¡¡cooperate¡¡with¡¡it¡¡by¡¡hauling¡¡freight¡¡to¡¡and¡¡from¡¡the¡¡depots¡£¡¡This£»¡¡to¡¡his¡¡surprise£»¡¡he¡¡found¡¡much¡¡more¡¡profitable¡¡and¡¡pleasant¡£¡¡He¡¡had¡¡been¡¡squeezed¡¡out¡¡of¡¡a¡¡bad¡¡job¡¡into¡¡a¡¡good¡¡one¡£¡¡And¡¡by¡¡a¡¡similar¡¡process¡¡of¡¡evolution£»¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡is¡¡rapidly¡¡outgrowing¡¡the¡¡small¡¡independent¡¡telephone¡¡companies¡£¡¡These¡¡will¡¡eventually£»¡¡one¡¡by¡¡one£»¡¡rise¡¡as¡¡the¡¡teamster¡¡did¡¡to¡¡a¡¡higher¡¡social¡¡value£»¡¡by¡¡clasping¡¡wires¡¡with¡¡the¡¡main¡¡system¡¡of¡¡telephony¡£
Until¡¡1881¡¡the¡¡Bell¡¡System¡¡was¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡a¡¡family¡¡group¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡a¡¡strictly¡¡private¡¡enterprise¡£¡¡The¡¡public¡¡had¡¡been¡¡asked¡¡to¡¡help¡¡in¡¡its¡¡launching£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡refused¡£¡¡But¡¡after¡¡1881¡¡it¡¡passed¡¡into¡¡the¡¡control¡¡of¡¡the¡¡small¡¡stock¡holders£»¡¡and¡¡has¡¡remained¡¡there¡¡without¡¡a¡¡break¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡now¡¡one¡¡of¡¡our¡¡most¡¡democratized¡¡businesses£»¡¡scattering¡¡either¡¡wages¡¡or¡¡dividends¡¡into¡¡more¡¡than¡¡a¡¡hundred¡¡thousand¡¡homes¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡at¡¡times¡¡been¡¡exclusive£»¡¡but¡¡never¡¡sordid¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡never¡¡been¡¡dollar¡mad£»¡¡nor¡¡frenzied¡¡by¡¡the¡¡virus¡¡of¡¡stock¡gambling¡£¡¡There¡¡has¡¡always¡¡been¡¡a¡¡vein¡¡of¡¡sentiment¡¡in¡¡it¡¡that¡¡kept¡¡it¡¡in¡¡touch¡¡with¡¡human¡¡nature¡£¡¡Even¡¡at¡¡the¡¡present¡¡time£»¡¡each¡¡check¡¡of¡¡the¡¡American¡¡Telephone¡¡and¡¡Telegraph¡¡Company¡¡carries¡¡on¡¡it¡¡a¡¡picture¡¡of¡¡a¡¡pretty¡¡Cupid£»¡¡sitting¡¡on¡¡a¡¡chair¡¡upon¡¡which¡¡he¡¡has¡¡placed¡¡a¡¡thick¡¡book£»¡¡and¡¡gayly¡¡prattling¡¡into¡¡a¡¡telephone¡£
Several¡¡sweeping¡¡changes¡¡may¡¡be¡¡expected¡¡in¡¡the¡¡near¡¡future£»¡¡now¡¡that¡¡there¡¡is¡¡team¡play¡¡between¡¡the¡¡Bell¡¡System¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Western¡¡Union¡£¡¡Already£»¡¡by¡¡a¡¡stroke¡¡of¡¡the¡¡pen£»¡¡five¡¡million¡¡users¡¡of¡¡telephones¡¡have¡¡been¡¡put¡¡on¡¡the¡¡credit¡¡books¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Western¡¡Union£»¡¡and¡¡every¡¡Bell¡¡telephone¡¡office¡¡is¡¡now¡¡a¡¡telegraph¡¡office¡£¡¡Three¡¡telephone¡¡messages¡¡and¡¡eight¡¡telegrams¡¡may¡¡be¡¡sent¡¡AT¡¡THE¡¡SAME¡¡TIME¡¡over¡¡two¡¡pairs¡¡of¡¡wires£º¡¡that¡¡is¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡recent¡¡miracles¡¡of¡¡science£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡now¡¡to¡¡be¡¡tried¡¡out¡¡upon¡¡a¡¡gigantic¡¡scale¡£¡¡Most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡long¡distance¡¡telephone¡¡wires£»¡¡fully¡¡two¡¡million¡¡miles£»¡¡can¡¡be¡¡used¡¡for¡¡telegraphic¡¡purposes£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡third¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Western¡¡Union¡¡wires£»¡¡five¡¡hundred¡¡thousand¡¡miles£»¡¡may¡¡with¡¡a¡¡few¡¡changes¡¡be¡¡used¡¡for¡¡talking¡£
The¡¡Western¡¡Union¡¡is¡¡paying¡¡rent¡¡for¡¡twenty¡¡¡two¡¡thousand£»¡¡five¡¡hundred¡¡offices£»¡¡all¡¡of¡¡which¡¡helps¡¡to¡¡make¡¡telegraphy¡¡a¡¡luxury¡¡of¡¡the¡¡few¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡employing¡¡as¡¡large¡¡a¡¡force¡¡of¡¡messenger¡¡¡boys¡¡as¡¡the¡¡army¡¡that¡¡marched¡¡with¡¡General¡¡Sherman¡¡from¡¡Atlanta¡¡to¡¡the¡¡sea¡£¡¡Both¡¡of¡¡these¡¡items¡¡of¡¡expense¡¡will¡¡dwindle¡¡when¡¡a¡¡Bell¡¡wire¡¡and¡¡a¡¡Morse¡¡wire¡¡can¡¡be¡¡brought¡¡to¡¡a¡¡common¡¡terminal£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡a¡¡telegram¡¡can¡¡be¡¡received¡¡or¡¡delivered¡¡by¡¡telephone¡£¡¡There¡¡will¡¡also¡¡be¡¡a¡¡gain£»¡¡perhaps¡¡the¡¡largest¡¡of¡¡all£»¡¡in¡¡removing¡¡the¡¡trudging¡¡little¡¡messenger¡boy¡¡from¡¡the¡¡streets¡¡and¡¡sending¡¡him¡¡either¡¡to¡¡school¡¡or¡¡to¡¡learn¡¡some¡¡useful¡¡trade¡£
The¡¡fact¡¡is¡¡that¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡is¡¡the¡¡first¡¡country¡¡that¡¡has¡¡succeeded¡¡in¡¡putting¡¡both¡¡telephone¡¡and¡¡telegraph¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡proper¡¡basis¡£
Elsewhere¡¡either¡¡the¡¡two¡¡are¡¡widely¡¡apart£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡is¡¡a¡¡mere¡¡adjunct¡¡of¡¡a¡¡telegraphic¡¡department¡£¡¡According¡¡to¡¡the¡¡new¡¡American¡¡plan£»¡¡the¡¡two¡¡are¡¡not¡¡competitive£»¡¡but¡¡complementary¡£¡¡The¡¡one¡¡is¡¡a¡¡supplement¡¡to¡¡the¡¡other¡£¡¡The¡¡post¡¡office¡¡sends¡¡a¡¡package£»¡¡the¡¡telegraph¡¡sends¡¡the¡¡contents¡¡of¡¡the¡¡package£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡sends¡¡nothing¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡an¡¡apparatus¡¡that¡¡makes¡¡conversation¡¡possible¡¡between¡¡two¡¡separated¡¡people¡£¡¡Each¡¡of¡¡the¡¡three¡¡has¡¡a¡¡distinct¡¡field¡¡of¡¡its¡¡own£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡there¡¡has¡¡never¡¡been¡¡any¡¡cause¡¡for¡¡jealousy¡¡among¡¡them¡£
To¡¡make¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡an¡¡annex¡¡of¡¡the¡¡post¡¡office¡¡or¡¡the¡¡telegraph¡¡has¡¡become¡¡absurd¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡now¡¡in¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡world¡¡very¡¡nearly¡¡as¡¡many¡¡messages¡¡sent¡¡by¡¡telephone¡¡as¡¡by¡¡letter£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡are¡¡THIRT¡TWO¡¡TIMES¡¡as¡¡many¡¡telephone¡¡calls¡¡as¡¡telegrams¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡has¡¡grown¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡big¡¡brother¡¡of¡¡the¡¡telegraph¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡six¡¡times¡¡the¡¡net¡¡earnings¡¡and¡¡eight¡¡times¡¡the¡¡wire¡£¡¡And¡¡it¡¡transmits¡¡as¡¡many¡¡messages¡¡as¡¡the¡¡combined¡¡total¡¡of¡¡telegrams£»¡¡letters£»¡¡and¡¡railroad¡¡passengers¡£
This¡¡universal¡¡trend¡¡toward¡¡consolidation¡¡has¡¡introduced¡¡a¡¡variety¡¡of¡¡problems¡¡that¡¡will¡¡engage¡¡the¡¡ablest¡¡brains¡¡in¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡world¡¡for¡¡many¡¡years¡¡to¡¡come¡£¡¡How¡¡to¡¡get¡¡the¡¡benefits¡¡of¡¡organization¡¡without¡¡its¡¡losses£»¡¡to¡¡become¡¡strong¡¡without¡¡losing¡¡quickness£»¡¡to¡¡become¡¡systematic¡¡without¡¡losing¡¡the¡¡dash¡¡and¡¡dare¡¡of¡¡earlier¡¡days£»¡¡to¡¡develop¡¡the¡¡working¡¡force¡¡into¡¡an¡¡army¡¡of¡¡high¡speed¡¡specialists¡¡without¡¡losing¡¡the¡¡bird's¡¡¡eye¡¡view¡¡of¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡situation£»these¡¡are¡¡the¡¡riddles¡¡of¡¡the¡¡new¡¡type£»¡¡for¡¡which¡¡the¡¡telephonists¡¡of¡¡the¡¡next¡¡generation¡¡must¡¡find¡¡the¡¡answers¡£¡¡They¡¡illustrate¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡big¡¡jobs¡¡that¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡has¡¡to¡¡offer¡¡to¡¡