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onstitution¡¡in¡¡Spain¡£¡¡Stanley¡¡was¡¡moving¡¡like¡¡a¡¡tiny¡¡point¡¡of¡¡light¡¡through¡¡the¡¡heart¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Dark¡¡Continent¡£¡¡The¡¡Universal¡¡Postal¡¡Union¡¡had¡¡been¡¡organized¡¡in¡¡a¡¡little¡¡hall¡¡in¡¡Berne¡£¡¡The¡¡Red¡¡Cross¡¡movement¡¡was¡¡twelve¡¡years¡¡old¡£¡¡An¡¡International¡¡Congress¡¡of¡¡Hygiene¡¡was¡¡being¡¡held¡¡at¡¡Brussells£»¡¡and¡¡an¡¡International¡¡Congress¡¡of¡¡Medicine¡¡at¡¡Philadelphia¡£¡¡De¡¡Lesseps¡¡had¡¡finished¡¡the¡¡Suez¡¡Canal¡¡and¡¡was¡¡examining¡¡Panama¡£¡¡Italy¡¡and¡¡Germany¡¡had¡¡recently¡¡been¡¡built¡¡into¡¡nations£»¡¡France¡¡had¡¡finally¡¡swept¡¡aside¡¡the¡¡Empire¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Commune¡¡and¡¡established¡¡the¡¡Republic¡£¡¡And¡¡what¡¡with¡¡the¡¡new¡¡agencies¡¡of¡¡railroads£»¡¡steamships£»¡¡cheap¡¡newspapers£»¡¡cables£»¡¡and¡¡telegraphs£»¡¡the¡¡civilized¡¡races¡¡of¡¡mankind¡¡had¡¡begun¡¡to¡¡be¡¡knit¡¡together¡¡into¡¡a¡¡practical¡¡consolidation¡£

To¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡especially£»¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡came¡¡as¡¡a¡¡friend¡¡in¡¡need¡£¡¡After¡¡a¡¡hundred¡¡years¡¡of¡¡growth£»¡¡the¡¡Republic¡¡was¡¡still¡¡a¡¡loose¡¡confederation¡¡of¡¡separate¡¡States£»¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡one¡¡great¡¡united¡¡nation¡£¡¡It¡¡had¡¡recently¡¡fallen¡¡apart¡¡for¡¡four¡¡years£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡wide¡¡gulf¡¡of¡¡blood¡¡between£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡two¡¡flags£»¡¡two¡¡Presidents£»¡¡and¡¡two¡¡armies¡£¡¡In¡¡1876¡¡it¡¡was¡¡hesitating¡¡halfway¡¡between¡¡doubt¡¡and¡¡confidence£»¡¡between¡¡the¡¡old¡¡political¡¡issues¡¡of¡¡North¡¡and¡¡South£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡new¡¡industrial¡¡issues¡¡of¡¡foreign¡¡trade¡¡and¡¡the¡¡development¡¡of¡¡material¡¡resources¡£¡¡The¡¡West¡¡was¡¡being¡¡thrown¡¡open¡£¡¡The¡¡Indians¡¡and¡¡buffaloes¡¡were¡¡being¡¡driven¡¡back¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡a¡¡line¡¡of¡¡railway¡¡from¡¡ocean¡¡to¡¡ocean¡£¡¡The¡¡population¡¡was¡¡gaining¡¡at¡¡the¡¡rate¡¡of¡¡a¡¡million¡¡a¡¡year¡£¡¡Col¡­¡¡orado¡¡had¡¡just¡¡been¡¡baptized¡¡as¡¡a¡¡new¡¡State¡£¡¡And¡¡it¡¡was¡¡still¡¡an¡¡unsolved¡¡problem¡¡whether¡¡or¡¡not¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡could¡¡be¡¡kept¡¡united£»¡¡whether¡¡or¡¡not¡¡it¡¡could¡¡be¡¡built¡¡into¡¡an¡¡organic¡¡nation¡¡without¡¡losing¡¡the¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡self¡­help¡¡and¡¡democracy¡£

It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡easy¡¡for¡¡us¡¡to¡¡realize¡¡to¡­day¡¡how¡¡young¡¡and¡¡primitive¡¡was¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡of¡¡1876¡£¡¡Yet¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡is¡¡that¡¡we¡¡have¡¡twice¡¡the¡¡population¡¡that¡¡we¡¡had¡¡when¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡was¡¡invented¡£¡¡We¡¡have¡¡twice¡¡the¡¡wheat¡¡crop¡¡and¡¡twice¡¡as¡¡much¡¡money¡¡in¡¡circulation¡£¡¡We¡¡have¡¡three¡¡times¡¡the¡¡railways£»¡¡banks£»¡¡libraries£»¡¡newspapers£»¡¡exports£»¡¡farm¡¡values£»¡¡and¡¡national¡¡wealth¡£¡¡We¡¡have¡¡ten¡¡million¡¡farmers¡¡who¡¡make¡¡four¡¡times¡¡as¡¡much¡¡money¡¡as¡¡seven¡¡million¡¡farmers¡¡made¡¡in¡¡1876¡£¡¡We¡¡spend¡¡four¡¡times¡¡as¡¡much¡¡on¡¡our¡¡public¡¡schools£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡put¡¡four¡¡times¡¡as¡¡much¡¡in¡¡the¡¡savings¡¡bank¡£¡¡We¡¡have¡¡five¡¡times¡¡as¡¡many¡¡students¡¡in¡¡the¡¡colleges¡£¡¡And¡¡we¡¡have¡¡so¡¡revolutionized¡¡our¡¡methods¡¡of¡¡production¡¡that¡¡we¡¡now¡¡produce¡¡seven¡¡times¡¡as¡¡much¡¡coal£»¡¡fourteen¡¡times¡¡as¡¡much¡¡oil¡¡and¡¡pig¡­¡¡iron£»¡¡twenty¡­two¡¡times¡¡as¡¡much¡¡copper£»¡¡and¡¡forty¡­three¡¡times¡¡as¡¡much¡¡steel¡£

There¡¡were¡¡no¡¡skyscrapers¡¡in¡¡1876£»¡¡no¡¡trolleys£»¡¡no¡¡electric¡¡lights£»¡¡no¡¡gasoline¡¡engines£»¡¡no¡¡self¡­binders£»¡¡no¡¡bicycles£»¡¡no¡¡automobiles¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡no¡¡Oklahoma£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡combined¡¡population¡¡of¡¡Montana£»¡¡Wyoming£»¡¡Idaho£»¡¡and¡¡Arizona¡¡was¡¡about¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡that¡¡of¡¡Des¡¡Moines¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡in¡¡this¡¡year¡¡that¡¡General¡¡Custer¡¡was¡¡killed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Sioux£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡flimsy¡¡iron¡¡railway¡¡bridge¡¡fell¡¡at¡¡Ashtabula£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡¡¨Molly¡¡Maguires¡¨¡¡terrorized¡¡Pennsylvania£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡first¡¡wire¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Brooklyn¡¡Bridge¡¡was¡¡strung£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡Boss¡¡Tweed¡¡and¡¡Hell¡¡Gate¡¡were¡¡both¡¡put¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡way¡¡in¡¡New¡¡York¡£

The¡¡Great¡¡Elm£»¡¡under¡¡which¡¡the¡¡Revolutionary¡¡patriots¡¡had¡¡met£»¡¡was¡¡still¡¡standing¡¡on¡¡Boston¡¡Common¡£¡¡Daniel¡¡Drew£»¡¡the¡¡New¡¡York¡¡financier£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡born¡¡before¡¡the¡¡American¡¡Constitution¡¡was¡¡adopted£»¡¡was¡¡still¡¡alive£»¡¡so¡¡were¡¡Commodore¡¡Vanderbilt£»¡¡Joseph¡¡Henry£»¡¡A¡£¡¡T¡£¡¡Stewart£»¡¡Thurlow¡¡Weed£»¡¡Peter¡¡Cooper£»¡¡Cyrus¡¡McCormick£»¡¡Lucretia¡¡Mott£»¡¡Bryant£»¡¡Longfellow£»¡¡and¡¡Emerson¡£¡¡Most¡¡old¡¡people¡¡could¡¡remember¡¡the¡¡running¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡railway¡¡train£»¡¡people¡¡of¡¡middle¡¡age¡¡could¡¡remember¡¡the¡¡sending¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡telegraph¡¡message£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡children¡¡in¡¡the¡¡high¡¡schools¡¡remembered¡¡the¡¡laying¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡Atlantic¡¡Cable¡£

The¡¡grandfathers¡¡of¡¡1876¡¡were¡¡fond¡¡of¡¡telling¡¡how¡¡Webster¡¡opposed¡¡taking¡¡Texas¡¡and¡¡Oregon¡¡into¡¡the¡¡Union£»¡¡how¡¡George¡¡Washington¡¡advised¡¡against¡¡including¡¡the¡¡Mississippi¡¡River£»¡¡and¡¡how¡¡Monroe¡¡warned¡¡Congress¡¡that¡¡a¡¡country¡¡that¡¡reached¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Atlantic¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Middle¡¡West¡¡was¡¡¡¨too¡¡extensive¡¡to¡¡be¡¡governed¡¡but¡¡by¡¡a¡¡despotic¡¡monarchy¡£¡¨¡¡They¡¡told¡¡how¡¡Abraham¡¡Lincoln£»¡¡when¡¡he¡¡was¡¡postmaster¡¡of¡¡New¡¡Salem£»¡¡used¡¡to¡¡carry¡¡the¡¡letters¡¡in¡¡his¡¡coon¡­¡¡skin¡¡cap¡¡and¡¡deliver¡¡them¡¡at¡¡sight£»¡¡how¡¡in¡¡1822¡¡the¡¡mails¡¡were¡¡carried¡¡on¡¡horseback¡¡and¡¡not¡¡in¡¡stages£»¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡have¡¡the¡¡quickest¡¡possible¡¡service£»¡¡and¡¡how¡¡the¡¡news¡¡of¡¡Madison's¡¡election¡¡was¡¡three¡¡weeks¡¡in¡¡reaching¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡Kentucky¡£¡¡When¡¡the¡¡telegraph¡¡was¡¡mentioned£»¡¡they¡¡told¡¡how¡¡in¡¡Revolutionary¡¡days¡¡the¡¡patriots¡¡used¡¡a¡¡system¡¡of¡¡signalling¡¡called¡¡¡¨Washington's¡¡Tele¡­¡¡graph£»¡¨¡¡consisting¡¡of¡¡a¡¡pole£»¡¡a¡¡flag£»¡¡a¡¡basket£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡barrel¡£

So£»¡¡the¡¡young¡¡Republic¡¡was¡¡still¡¡within¡¡hearing¡¡distance¡¡of¡¡its¡¡childhood£»¡¡in¡¡1876¡£¡¡Both¡¡in¡¡sentiment¡¡and¡¡in¡¡methods¡¡of¡¡work¡¡it¡¡was¡¡living¡¡close¡¡to¡¡the¡¡log¡­cabin¡¡period¡£¡¡Many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡slow¡¡ways¡¡survived£»¡¡the¡¡ways¡¡that¡¡were¡¡fast¡¡enough¡¡in¡¡the¡¡days¡¡of¡¡the¡¡stage¡­coach¡¡and¡¡the¡¡tinder¡­box¡£¡¡There¡¡were¡¡seventy¡­seven¡¡thousand¡¡miles¡¡of¡¡railway£»¡¡but¡¡poorly¡¡built¡¡and¡¡in¡¡short¡¡lengths¡£¡¡There¡¡were¡¡manufacturing¡¡industries¡¡that¡¡employed¡¡two¡¡million£»¡¡four¡¡hundred¡¡thousand¡¡people£»¡¡but¡¡every¡¡trade¡¡was¡¡broken¡¡up¡¡into¡¡a¡¡chaos¡¡of¡¡small¡¡competitive¡¡units£»¡¡each¡¡at¡¡war¡¡with¡¡all¡¡the¡¡others¡£¡¡There¡¡were¡¡energy¡¡and¡¡enterprise¡¡in¡¡the¡¡highest¡¡degree£»¡¡but¡¡not¡¡efficiency¡¡or¡¡organization¡£¡¡Little¡¡as¡¡we¡¡knew¡¡it£»¡¡in¡¡1876¡¡we¡¡were¡¡mainly¡¡gathering¡¡together¡¡the¡¡plans¡¡and¡¡the¡¡raw¡¡materials¡¡for¡¡the¡¡building¡¡up¡¡of¡¡the¡¡modern¡¡business¡¡world£»¡¡with¡¡its¡¡quick£»¡¡tense¡¡life¡¡and¡¡its¡¡national¡¡structure¡¡of¡¡immense¡¡coordinated¡¡industries¡£

In¡¡1876¡¡the¡¡age¡¡of¡¡specialization¡¡and¡¡community¡¡of¡¡interest¡¡was¡¡in¡¡its¡¡dawn¡£¡¡The¡¡cobbler¡¡had¡¡given¡¡place¡¡to¡¡the¡¡elaborate¡¡factory£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡seventy¡¡men¡¡cooperated¡¡to¡¡make¡¡one¡¡shoe¡£¡¡The¡¡merchant¡¡who¡¡had¡¡hitherto¡¡lived¡¡over¡¡his¡¡store¡¡now¡¡ventured¡¡to¡¡have¡¡a¡¡home¡¡in¡¡the¡¡suburbs¡£¡¡No¡¡man¡¡was¡¡any¡¡longer¡¡a¡¡self¡­sufficient¡¡Robinson¡¡Crusoe¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡a¡¡fraction£»¡¡a¡¡single¡¡part¡¡of¡¡a¡¡social¡¡mechanism£»¡¡who¡¡must¡¡necessarily¡¡keep¡¡in¡¡the¡¡closest¡¡touch¡¡with¡¡many¡¡others¡£

A¡¡new¡¡interdependent¡¡form¡¡of¡¡civilization¡¡was¡¡about¡¡to¡¡be¡¡developed£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡arrived¡¡in¡¡the¡¡nick¡¡of¡¡time¡¡to¡¡make¡¡this¡¡new¡¡civilization¡¡workable¡¡and¡¡convenient¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡the¡¡unfolding¡¡of¡¡a¡¡new¡¡organ¡£¡¡Just¡¡as¡¡the¡¡eye¡¡had¡¡become¡¡the¡¡telescope£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡hand¡¡had¡¡become¡¡machinery£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡feet¡¡had¡¡become¡¡railways£»¡¡so¡¡the¡¡voice¡¡became¡¡the¡¡telephone¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡a¡¡new¡¡ideal¡¡method¡¡of¡¡communication¡¡that¡¡had¡¡been¡¡made¡¡indispensable¡¡by¡¡new¡¡conditions¡£¡¡The¡¡prophecy¡¡of¡¡Carlyle¡¡had¡¡come¡¡true£»¡¡when¡¡he¡¡said¡¡that¡¡¡¨men¡¡cannot¡¡now¡¡be¡¡bound¡¡to¡¡men¡¡by¡¡brass¡¡collars£»¡¡you¡¡will¡¡have¡¡to¡¡bind¡¡them¡¡by¡¡other¡¡far¡¡nobler¡¡and¡¡cunninger¡¡methods¡£¡¨

Railways¡¡and¡¡steamships¡¡had¡¡begun¡¡this¡¡work¡¡of¡¡binding¡¡man¡¡to¡¡man¡¡by¡¡¡¨nobler¡¡and¡¡cunninger¡¡methods¡£¡¨¡¡The¡¡telegraph¡¡and¡¡cable¡¡had¡¡gone¡¡still¡¡farther¡¡and¡¡put¡¡all¡¡civilized¡¡people¡¡within¡¡sight¡¡of¡¡each¡¡other£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡they¡¡could¡¡communicate¡¡by¡¡a¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡deaf¡¡and¡¡dumb¡¡alphabet¡£¡¡And¡¡then¡¡came¡¡the¡¡telephone£»¡¡giving¡¡direct¡¡instantaneous¡¡communication¡¡and¡¡putting¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡each¡¡nation¡¡within¡¡hearing¡¡distance¡¡of¡¡each¡¡other¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡the¡¡completion¡¡of¡¡a¡¡long¡¡series¡¡of¡¡inventions¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡the¡¡keystone¡¡of¡¡the¡¡arch¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡the¡¡one¡¡last¡¡improvement¡¡that¡¡enabled¡¡interdependent¡¡nations¡¡to¡¡handle¡¡themselves¡¡and¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡together¡£

To¡¡make¡¡railways¡¡and¡¡steamboats¡¡carry¡¡letters¡¡was¡¡much£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡evolution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡means¡¡of¡¡communication¡£¡¡To¡¡make¡¡the¡¡electric¡¡wire¡¡carry¡¡signals¡¡was¡¡more£»¡¡because¡¡of¡¡the¡¡instantaneous¡¡transmission¡¡of¡¡important¡¡news¡£¡¡But¡¡to¡¡make¡¡the¡¡electric¡¡wire¡¡carry¡¡speech¡¡was¡¡MOST£»¡¡because¡¡it¡¡put¡¡all¡¡fellow¡­citizens¡¡face¡¡to¡¡face£»¡¡and¡¡made¡¡both¡¡message¡¡and¡¡answer¡¡instantaneous¡£¡¡The¡¡invention¡¡of¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡taught¡¡the¡¡Genie¡¡of¡¡Electricity¡¡to¡¡do¡¡better¡¡than¡¡to¡¡carry¡¡mes¡­¡¡sages¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sign¡¡language¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dumb¡£¡¡It¡¡taught¡¡him¡¡to¡¡speak¡£¡¡As¡¡Emerson¡¡has¡¡finely¡¡said£º


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