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¡¡batteries¡¡and¡¡regiments¡¡were¡¡organized¡¡into¡¡fifteen¡¡divisions¡£¡¡Each¡¡group¡¡of¡¡three¡¡divisions¡¡was¡¡wired¡¡to¡¡a¡¡general£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡five¡¡generals¡¡were¡¡wired¡¡to¡¡the¡¡great¡¡Oyama¡¡himself£»¡¡who¡¡sat¡¡ten¡¡miles¡¡back¡¡of¡¡the¡¡firing¡­line¡¡and¡¡sent¡¡his¡¡orders¡£¡¡Whenever¡¡a¡¡regiment¡¡lunged¡¡forward£»¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡soldiers¡¡carried¡¡a¡¡telephone¡¡set¡£¡¡If¡¡they¡¡held¡¡their¡¡position£»¡¡two¡¡other¡¡soldiers¡¡ran¡¡forward¡¡with¡¡a¡¡spool¡¡of¡¡wire¡£¡¡In¡¡this¡¡way¡¡and¡¡under¡¡fire¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Russian¡¡cannon£»¡¡one¡¡hundred¡¡and¡¡fifty¡¡miles¡¡of¡¡wire¡¡were¡¡strung¡¡across¡¡the¡¡battlefield¡£¡¡As¡¡the¡¡Japanese¡¡said£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡this¡¡¡¨flying¡¡telephone¡¨¡¡that¡¡enabled¡¡Oyama¡¡to¡¡manipulate¡¡his¡¡forces¡¡as¡¡handily¡¡as¡¡though¡¡he¡¡were¡¡playing¡¡a¡¡game¡¡of¡¡chess¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡in¡¡this¡¡war£»¡¡too£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Mikado's¡¡soldiers¡¡strung¡¡the¡¡costliest¡¡of¡¡all¡¡telephone¡¡lines£»¡¡at¡¡203¡¡Metre¡¡Hill¡£¡¡When¡¡the¡¡wire¡¡had¡¡been¡¡basted¡¡up¡¡this¡¡hill¡¡to¡¡the¡¡summit£»¡¡the¡¡fortress¡¡of¡¡Port¡¡Arthur¡¡lay¡¡at¡¡their¡¡mercy¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡climb¡¡had¡¡cost¡¡them¡¡twenty¡­¡¡four¡¡thousand¡¡lives¡£

Of¡¡the¡¡seven¡¡million¡¡telephones¡¡in¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡about¡¡two¡¡million¡¡are¡¡now¡¡in¡¡farmhouses¡£¡¡Every¡¡fourth¡¡American¡¡farmer¡¡is¡¡in¡¡telephone¡¡touch¡¡with¡¡his¡¡neighbors¡¡and¡¡the¡¡market¡£¡¡Iowa¡¡leads£»¡¡among¡¡the¡¡farming¡¡States¡£¡¡In¡¡Iowa£»¡¡not¡¡to¡¡have¡¡a¡¡telephone¡¡is¡¡to¡¡belong¡¡to¡¡what¡¡a¡¡Londoner¡¡would¡¡call¡¡the¡¡¡¨submerged¡¡tenth¡¨¡¡of¡¡the¡¡population¡£¡¡Second¡¡in¡¡line¡¡comes¡¡Illinois£»¡¡with¡¡Kansas£»¡¡Nebraska£»¡¡and¡¡Indiana¡¡following¡¡closely¡¡behind£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡the¡¡foot¡¡of¡¡the¡¡list£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡farm¡¡telephones£»¡¡are¡¡Connecticut¡¡and¡¡Louisiana¡£

The¡¡first¡¡farmer¡¡who¡¡discovered¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡was¡¡the¡¡market¡¡gardener¡£¡¡Next¡¡came¡¡the¡¡bonanza¡¡farmer¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Red¡¡River¡¡Valleysuch¡¡a¡¡man£»¡¡for¡¡instance£»¡¡as¡¡Oliver¡¡Dalrymple£»¡¡of¡¡North¡¡Dakota£»¡¡who¡¡found¡¡that¡¡by¡¡the¡¡aid¡¡of¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡he¡¡could¡¡plant¡¡and¡¡harvest¡¡thirty¡¡thousand¡¡acres¡¡of¡¡wheat¡¡in¡¡a¡¡single¡¡season¡£¡¡Then£»¡¡not¡¡more¡¡than¡¡half¡¡a¡¡dozen¡¡years¡¡ago£»¡¡there¡¡arose¡¡a¡¡veritable¡¡Telephone¡¡Crusade¡¡among¡¡the¡¡farmers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Middle¡¡West¡£¡¡Cheap¡¡telephones£»¡¡yet¡¡fairly¡¡good£»¡¡had¡¡by¡¡this¡¡time¡¡been¡¡made¡¡possible¡¡by¡¡the¡¡improvements¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bell¡¡engineers£»¡¡and¡¡stories¡¡of¡¡what¡¡could¡¡be¡¡done¡¡by¡¡telephone¡¡became¡¡the¡¡favorite¡¡gossip¡¡of¡¡the¡¡day¡£¡¡One¡¡farmer¡¡had¡¡kept¡¡his¡¡barn¡¡from¡¡being¡¡burned¡¡down¡¡by¡¡telephoning¡¡for¡¡his¡¡neighbors£»¡¡another¡¡had¡¡cleared¡¡five¡¡hundred¡¡dollars¡¡extra¡¡profit¡¡on¡¡the¡¡sale¡¡of¡¡his¡¡cattle£»¡¡by¡¡telephoning¡¡to¡¡the¡¡best¡¡market£»¡¡a¡¡third¡¡had¡¡rescued¡¡a¡¡flock¡¡of¡¡sheep¡¡by¡¡sending¡¡quick¡¡news¡¡of¡¡an¡¡approaching¡¡blizzard£»¡¡a¡¡fourth¡¡had¡¡saved¡¡his¡¡son's¡¡life¡¡by¡¡getting¡¡an¡¡instantaneous¡¡message¡¡to¡¡the¡¡doctor£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡on¡£

How¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡saved¡¡a¡¡three¡¡million¡¡dollar¡¡fruit¡¡crop¡¡in¡¡Colorado£»¡¡in¡¡1909£»¡¡is¡¡the¡¡story¡¡that¡¡is¡¡oftenest¡¡told¡¡in¡¡the¡¡West¡£¡¡Until¡¡that¡¡year£»¡¡the¡¡frosts¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Spring¡¡nipped¡¡the¡¡buds¡£¡¡No¡¡farmer¡¡could¡¡be¡¡sure¡¡of¡¡his¡¡harvest¡£¡¡But¡¡in¡¡1909£»¡¡the¡¡fruit¡­growers¡¡bought¡¡smudge¡­potsthree¡¡hundred¡¡thousand¡¡or¡¡more¡£¡¡These¡¡were¡¡placed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡orchards£»¡¡ready¡¡to¡¡be¡¡lit¡¡at¡¡a¡¡moment's¡¡notice¡£¡¡Next£»¡¡an¡¡alliance¡¡was¡¡made¡¡with¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡Weather¡¡Bureau¡¡so¡¡that¡¡whenever¡¡the¡¡Frost¡¡King¡¡came¡¡down¡¡from¡¡the¡¡north£»¡¡a¡¡warning¡¡could¡¡be¡¡telephoned¡¡to¡¡the¡¡farmers¡£¡¡Just¡¡when¡¡Colorado¡¡was¡¡pink¡¡with¡¡apple¡¡blossoms£»¡¡the¡¡first¡¡warning¡¡came¡£¡¡¡¨Get¡¡ready¡¡to¡¡light¡¡up¡¡your¡¡smudge¡­pots¡¡in¡¡half¡¡an¡¡hour¡£¡¨¡¡Then¡¡the¡¡farmers¡¡telephoned¡¡to¡¡the¡¡nearest¡¡towns£º¡¡¡¨Frost¡¡is¡¡coming£»¡¡come¡¡and¡¡help¡¡us¡¡in¡¡the¡¡orchards¡£¡¨¡¡Hundreds¡¡of¡¡men¡¡rushed¡¡out¡¡into¡¡the¡¡country¡¡on¡¡horseback¡¡and¡¡in¡¡wagons¡£¡¡In¡¡half¡¡an¡¡hour¡¡the¡¡last¡¡warning¡¡came£º¡¡¡¨Light¡¡up£»¡¡the¡¡thermometer¡¡registers¡¡twenty¡­nine¡£¡¨¡¡The¡¡smudge¡­pot¡¡artillery¡¡was¡¡set¡¡ablaze£»¡¡and¡¡kept¡¡blazing¡¡until¡¡the¡¡news¡¡came¡¡that¡¡the¡¡icy¡¡forces¡¡had¡¡retreated¡£¡¡And¡¡in¡¡this¡¡way¡¡every¡¡Colorado¡¡farmer¡¡who¡¡had¡¡a¡¡telephone¡¡saved¡¡his¡¡fruit¡£

In¡¡some¡¡farming¡¡States£»¡¡the¡¡enthusiasm¡¡for¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡is¡¡running¡¡so¡¡high¡¡that¡¡mass¡¡meetings¡¡are¡¡held£»¡¡with¡¡lavish¡¡oratory¡¡on¡¡the¡¡general¡¡theme¡¡of¡¡¡¨Good¡¡Roads¡¡and¡¡Telephones¡£¡¨¡¡And¡¡as¡¡a¡¡result¡¡of¡¡this¡¡Telephone¡¡Crusade£»¡¡there¡¡are¡¡now¡¡nearly¡¡twenty¡¡thousand¡¡groups¡¡of¡¡farmers£»¡¡each¡¡one¡¡with¡¡a¡¡mutual¡¡telephone¡¡system£»¡¡and¡¡one¡­half¡¡of¡¡them¡¡with¡¡sufficient¡¡enterprise¡¡to¡¡link¡¡their¡¡little¡¡webs¡¡of¡¡wires¡¡to¡¡the¡¡vast¡¡Bell¡¡system£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡at¡¡least¡¡a¡¡million¡¡farmers¡¡have¡¡been¡¡brought¡¡as¡¡close¡¡to¡¡the¡¡great¡¡cities¡¡as¡¡they¡¡are¡¡to¡¡their¡¡own¡¡barns¡£

What¡¡telephones¡¡have¡¡done¡¡to¡¡bring¡¡in¡¡the¡¡present¡¡era¡¡of¡¡big¡¡crops£»¡¡is¡¡an¡¡interesting¡¡story¡¡in¡¡itself¡£¡¡To¡¡compress¡¡it¡¡into¡¡a¡¡sentence£»¡¡we¡¡might¡¡say¡¡that¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡has¡¡completed¡¡the¡¡labor¡­saving¡¡movement¡¡which¡¡started¡¡with¡¡the¡¡McCormick¡¡reaper¡¡in¡¡1831¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡lifted¡¡the¡¡farmer¡¡above¡¡the¡¡wastefulness¡¡of¡¡being¡¡his¡¡own¡¡errand¡­boy¡£¡¡The¡¡average¡¡length¡¡of¡¡haul¡¡from¡¡barn¡¡to¡¡market¡¡in¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡is¡¡nine¡¡and¡¡a¡¡half¡¡miles£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡every¡¡trip¡¡saved¡¡means¡¡an¡¡extra¡¡day's¡¡work¡¡for¡¡a¡¡man¡¡and¡¡team¡£¡¡Instead¡¡of¡¡travelling¡¡back¡¡and¡¡forth£»¡¡often¡¡to¡¡no¡¡purpose£»¡¡the¡¡farmer¡¡may¡¡now¡¡stay¡¡at¡¡home¡¡and¡¡attend¡¡to¡¡his¡¡stock¡¡and¡¡his¡¡crops¡£

As¡¡yet£»¡¡few¡¡farmers¡¡have¡¡learned¡¡to¡¡appreciate¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡quality¡¡in¡¡telephone¡¡service£»¡¡as¡¡they¡¡have¡¡in¡¡other¡¡lines¡£¡¡The¡¡same¡¡man¡¡who¡¡will¡¡pay¡¡six¡¡prices¡¡for¡¡the¡¡best¡¡seed¡­corn£»¡¡and¡¡who¡¡will¡¡allow¡¡nothing¡¡but¡¡high¡­grade¡¡cattle¡¡in¡¡his¡¡barn£»¡¡will¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡be¡¡content¡¡with¡¡the¡¡shabbiest¡¡and¡¡flimsiest¡¡telephone¡¡service£»¡¡without¡¡offering¡¡any¡¡other¡¡excuse¡¡than¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡cheap¡£¡¡But¡¡this¡¡is¡¡a¡¡transient¡¡phase¡¡of¡¡farm¡¡telephony¡£¡¡The¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡an¡¡efficient¡¡farm¡¡system¡¡is¡¡now¡¡so¡¡little¡¡not¡¡more¡¡than¡¡two¡¡dollars¡¡a¡¡month£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡present¡¡trashy¡¡lines¡¡are¡¡certain¡¡sooner¡¡or¡¡later¡¡to¡¡go¡¡to¡¡the¡¡junk¡­heap¡¡with¡¡the¡¡sickle¡¡and¡¡the¡¡flail¡¡and¡¡all¡¡the¡¡other¡¡cheap¡¡and¡¡unprofitable¡¡things¡£



CHAPTER¡¡VII

THE¡¡TELEPHONE¡¡AND¡¡NATIONAL¡¡EFFICIENCY

The¡¡larger¡¡significance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡is¡¡that¡¡it¡¡completes¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡eliminating¡¡the¡¡hermit¡¡and¡¡gypsy¡¡elements¡¡of¡¡civilization¡£¡¡In¡¡an¡¡almost¡¡ideal¡¡way£»¡¡it¡¡has¡¡made¡¡intercommunication¡¡possible¡¡without¡¡travel¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡enabled¡¡a¡¡man¡¡to¡¡settle¡¡permanently¡¡in¡¡one¡¡place£»¡¡and¡¡yet¡¡keep¡¡in¡¡personal¡¡touch¡¡with¡¡his¡¡fellows¡£

Until¡¡the¡¡last¡¡few¡¡centuries£»¡¡much¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡¡was¡¡probably¡¡what¡¡Morocco¡¡is¡¡to¡­daya¡¡region¡¡without¡¡wheeled¡¡vehicles¡¡or¡¡even¡¡roads¡¡of¡¡any¡¡sort¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡a¡¡mythical¡¡story¡¡of¡¡a¡¡wonderful¡¡speaking¡­trumpet¡¡possessed¡¡by¡¡Alexander¡¡the¡¡Great£»¡¡by¡¡which¡¡he¡¡could¡¡call¡¡a¡¡soldier¡¡who¡¡was¡¡ten¡¡miles¡¡distant£»¡¡but¡¡there¡¡was¡¡probably¡¡no¡¡substitute¡¡for¡¡the¡¡human¡¡voice¡¡except¡¡flags¡¡and¡¡beacon¡­fires£»¡¡or¡¡any¡¡faster¡¡method¡¡of¡¡travel¡¡than¡¡the¡¡gait¡¡of¡¡a¡¡horse¡¡or¡¡a¡¡camel¡¡across¡¡ungraded¡¡plains¡£¡¡The¡¡first¡¡sensation¡¡of¡¡rapid¡¡transit¡¡doubtless¡¡came¡¡with¡¡the¡¡sailing¡¡vessel£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡was¡¡the¡¡play¡­toy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡winds£»¡¡and¡¡unreliable¡£¡¡When¡¡Columbus¡¡dared¡¡to¡¡set¡¡out¡¡on¡¡his¡¡famous¡¡voyage£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡five¡¡weeks¡¡in¡¡crossing¡¡from¡¡Spain¡¡to¡¡the¡¡West¡¡Indies£»¡¡his¡¡best¡¡day's¡¡record¡¡two¡¡hundred¡¡miles¡£¡¡The¡¡swift¡¡steamship¡¡travel¡¡of¡¡to¡­day¡¡did¡¡not¡¡begin¡¡until¡¡1838£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡Great¡¡Western¡¡raced¡¡over¡¡the¡¡Atlantic¡¡in¡¡fifteen¡¡days¡£

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No¡¡invention¡¡has¡¡been¡¡more¡¡timely¡¡than¡¡the¡¡telephone¡£¡¡It¡¡arrived¡¡at¡¡the¡¡exact¡¡period¡¡when¡¡it¡¡was¡¡needed¡¡for¡¡the¡¡organization¡¡of¡¡great¡¡cities¡¡and¡¡the¡¡unification¡¡of¡¡nations¡£¡¡The¡¡new¡¡ideas¡¡and¡¡energies¡¡of¡¡science£»¡¡commerce£»¡¡and¡¡cooperation¡¡were¡¡beginning¡¡to¡¡win¡¡victories¡¡in¡¡all¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡earth¡£¡¡The¡¡first¡¡railroad¡¡had¡¡just¡¡arrived¡¡in¡¡China£»¡¡the¡¡first¡¡parliament¡¡in¡¡Japan£»¡¡the¡¡first¡¡constitution¡¡in¡¡Spain¡£¡¡Stanley¡¡was¡¡moving¡¡like¡¡a¡¡tiny¡¡point¡¡of¡¡light¡¡through¡¡the¡¡heart¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Dark¡¡Co

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