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He¡¡gave¡¡it¡¡tone¡¡and¡¡prestige¡£¡¡He¡¡built¡¡up¡¡its¡¡credit¡£¡¡He¡¡kept¡¡it¡¡clean¡¡and¡¡clear¡¡above¡¡all¡¡suspicion¡¡of¡¡wrong¡­doing¡£¡¡He¡¡held¡¡fast¡¡whatever¡¡had¡¡been¡¡gained¡£¡¡And¡¡he¡¡prepared¡¡the¡¡way¡¡for¡¡the¡¡period¡¡of¡¡expansion¡¡by¡¡borrowing¡¡fifty¡¡millions¡¡for¡¡improvements£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡adding¡¡greatly¡¡to¡¡the¡¡strength¡¡and¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡American¡¡Telephone¡¡and¡¡Telegraph¡¡Company¡£

Hudson¡¡remained¡¡at¡¡the¡¡head¡¡of¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡table¡¡until¡¡his¡¡death£»¡¡in¡¡1900£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡lived¡¡to¡¡see¡¡the¡¡dawn¡¡of¡¡the¡¡era¡¡of¡¡big¡¡business¡£¡¡Under¡¡his¡¡regime¡¡great¡¡things¡¡were¡¡done¡¡in¡¡the¡¡development¡¡of¡¡the¡¡art¡£¡¡The¡¡business¡¡was¡¡pushed¡¡ahead¡¡at¡¡every¡¡point¡¡by¡¡its¡¡captains¡£¡¡Every¡¡man¡¡in¡¡his¡¡place£»¡¡trying¡¡to¡¡give¡¡a¡¡little¡¡better¡¡service¡¡than¡¡yesterdaythat¡¡was¡¡the¡¡keynote¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Hudson¡¡period¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡no¡¡one¡¡preeminent¡¡genius¡£¡¡Each¡¡important¡¡step¡¡forward¡¡was¡¡the¡¡result¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cooperation¡¡of¡¡many¡¡minds£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡prodding¡¡necessities¡¡of¡¡a¡¡growing¡¡traffic¡£

By¡¡1896£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡Common¡¡Battery¡¡system¡¡created¡¡a¡¡new¡¡era£»¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡engineer¡¡had¡¡pretty¡¡well¡¡mastered¡¡his¡¡simpler¡¡troubles¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡able¡¡to¡¡handle¡¡his¡¡wires£»¡¡no¡¡matter¡¡how¡¡many¡£¡¡By¡¡this¡¡time£»¡¡too£»¡¡the¡¡public¡¡was¡¡ready¡¡for¡¡the¡¡telephone¡£¡¡A¡¡new¡¡generation¡¡had¡¡grown¡¡up£»¡¡without¡¡the¡¡prejudices¡¡of¡¡its¡¡fathers¡£¡¡People¡¡had¡¡grown¡¡away¡¡from¡¡the¡¡telegraphic¡¡habit¡¡of¡¡thought£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡that¡¡wire¡¡communications¡¡were¡¡expensive¡¡luxuries¡¡for¡¡the¡¡few¡£¡¡The¡¡telephone¡¡was£»¡¡in¡¡fact£»¡¡a¡¡new¡¡social¡¡nerve£»¡¡so¡¡new¡¡and¡¡so¡¡novel¡¡that¡¡very¡¡nearly¡¡twenty¡¡years¡¡went¡¡by¡¡before¡¡it¡¡had¡¡fully¡¡grown¡¡into¡¡place£»¡¡and¡¡before¡¡the¡¡social¡¡body¡¡developed¡¡the¡¡instinct¡¡of¡¡using¡¡it¡£

Not¡¡that¡¡the¡¡difficulties¡¡of¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡engineers¡¡were¡¡over£»¡¡for¡¡they¡¡were¡¡not¡£¡¡They¡¡have¡¡seemed¡¡to¡¡grow¡¡more¡¡numerous¡¡and¡¡complex¡¡every¡¡year¡£¡¡But¡¡by¡¡1896¡¡enough¡¡had¡¡been¡¡done¡¡to¡¡warrant¡¡a¡¡forward¡¡movement¡£¡¡For¡¡the¡¡next¡¡ten¡­year¡¡period¡¡the¡¡keynote¡¡of¡¡telephone¡¡history¡¡was¡¡EXPANSION¡£¡¡Under¡¡the¡¡prevailing¡¡flat¡­rate¡¡plan¡¡of¡¡payment£»¡¡all¡¡customers¡¡paid¡¡the¡¡same¡¡yearly¡¡price¡¡and¡¡then¡¡used¡¡their¡¡telephones¡¡as¡¡often¡¡as¡¡they¡¡pleased¡£¡¡This¡¡was¡¡a¡¡simple¡¡method£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡most¡¡satisfactory¡¡for¡¡small¡¡towns¡¡and¡¡farming¡¡regions¡£¡¡But¡¡in¡¡a¡¡great¡¡city¡¡such¡¡a¡¡plan¡¡grew¡¡to¡¡be¡¡suicidal¡£¡¡In¡¡New¡¡York£»¡¡for¡¡instance£»¡¡the¡¡price¡¡had¡¡to¡¡be¡¡raised¡¡to¡¡240£»¡¡which¡¡lifted¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡as¡¡high¡¡above¡¡the¡¡mass¡¡of¡¡the¡¡citizens¡¡as¡¡though¡¡it¡¡were¡¡a¡¡piano¡¡or¡¡a¡¡diamond¡¡sunburst¡£¡¡Such¡¡a¡¡plan¡¡was¡¡strangling¡¡the¡¡business¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡shutting¡¡out¡¡the¡¡small¡¡users¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡clogging¡¡the¡¡wires¡¡with¡¡deadhead¡¡calls¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡giving¡¡some¡¡people¡¡too¡¡little¡¡service¡¡and¡¡others¡¡too¡¡much¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡a¡¡very¡¡unsatisfactory¡¡situation¡£

How¡¡to¡¡extend¡¡the¡¡service¡¡and¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡cheapen¡¡it¡¡to¡¡small¡¡usersthat¡¡was¡¡the¡¡Gordian¡¡knot£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡man¡¡who¡¡unquestionably¡¡did¡¡most¡¡to¡¡untie¡¡it¡¡was¡¡Edward¡¡J¡£¡¡Hall¡£¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Hall¡¡founded¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡business¡¡in¡¡Buffalo¡¡in¡¡1878£»¡¡and¡¡seven¡¡years¡¡afterwards¡¡became¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡of¡¡the¡¡long¡­distance¡¡traffic¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡then£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡to¡­day£»¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡statesmen¡¡of¡¡the¡¡telephone¡£¡¡For¡¡more¡¡than¡¡thirty¡¡years¡¡he¡¡has¡¡been¡¡the¡¡¡¨candid¡¡friend¡¨¡¡of¡¡the¡¡business£»¡¡incessantly¡¡suggesting£»¡¡probing£»¡¡and¡¡criticising¡£¡¡Keen¡¡and¡¡dispassionate£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡genius¡¡for¡¡mercilessly¡¡cutting¡¡to¡¡the¡¡marrow¡¡of¡¡a¡¡proposition£»¡¡Hall¡¡has¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡been¡¡a¡¡zealot¡¡for¡¡the¡¡improvement¡¡and¡¡extension¡¡of¡¡telephone¡¡service¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡he¡¡who¡¡set¡¡the¡¡agents¡¡free¡¡from¡¡the¡¡ball¡­and¡­¡¡chain¡¡of¡¡royalties£»¡¡allowing¡¡them¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡instead¡¡a¡¡percentage¡¡of¡¡gross¡¡receipts¡£¡¡And¡¡it¡¡was¡¡he¡¡who¡¡¡¨broke¡¡the¡¡jam£»¡¨¡¡as¡¡a¡¡lumberman¡¡would¡¡say£»¡¡by¡¡suggesting¡¡the¡¡MESSAGE¡¡RATE¡¡system¡£

By¡¡this¡¡plan£»¡¡which¡¡U¡£¡¡N¡£¡¡Bethell¡¡developed¡¡to¡¡its¡¡highest¡¡point¡¡in¡¡New¡¡York£»¡¡a¡¡user¡¡of¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡pays¡¡a¡¡fixed¡¡minimum¡¡price¡¡for¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡number¡¡of¡¡messages¡¡per¡¡year£»¡¡and¡¡extra¡¡for¡¡all¡¡messages¡¡over¡¡this¡¡number¡£¡¡The¡¡large¡¡user¡¡pays¡¡more£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡little¡¡user¡¡pays¡¡less¡£¡¡It¡¡opened¡¡up¡¡the¡¡way¡¡to¡¡such¡¡an¡¡expansion¡¡of¡¡telephone¡¡business¡¡as¡¡Bell£»¡¡in¡¡his¡¡rosiest¡¡dreams£»¡¡had¡¡never¡¡imagined¡£¡¡In¡¡three¡¡years£»¡¡after¡¡1896£»¡¡there¡¡were¡¡twice¡¡as¡¡many¡¡users£»¡¡in¡¡six¡¡years¡¡there¡¡were¡¡four¡¡times¡¡as¡¡many£»¡¡in¡¡ten¡¡years¡¡there¡¡were¡¡eight¡¡to¡¡one¡£¡¡What¡¡with¡¡the¡¡message¡¡rate¡¡and¡¡the¡¡pay¡¡station£»¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡was¡¡now¡¡on¡¡its¡¡way¡¡to¡¡be¡¡universal¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡adapted¡¡to¡¡all¡¡kinds¡¡and¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡men¡£¡¡A¡¡great¡¡corporation£»¡¡nerved¡¡at¡¡every¡¡point¡¡with¡¡telephone¡¡wires£»¡¡may¡¡now¡¡pay¡¡fifty¡¡thousand¡¡dollars¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Bell¡¡Company£»¡¡while¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡a¡¡young¡¡Irish¡¡immigrant¡¡boy£»¡¡just¡¡arrived¡¡in¡¡New¡¡York¡¡City£»¡¡may¡¡offer¡¡five¡¡coppers¡¡and¡¡find¡¡at¡¡his¡¡disposal¡¡a¡¡fifty¡¡million¡¡dollar¡¡telephone¡¡system¡£

When¡¡the¡¡message¡¡rate¡¡was¡¡fairly¡¡well¡¡established£»¡¡Hudson¡¡diedfell¡¡suddenly¡¡to¡¡the¡¡ground¡¡as¡¡he¡¡was¡¡about¡¡to¡¡step¡¡into¡¡a¡¡railway¡¡carriage¡£¡¡In¡¡his¡¡place¡¡came¡¡Frederick¡¡P¡£¡¡Fish£»¡¡also¡¡a¡¡lawyer¡¡and¡¡a¡¡Bostonian¡£¡¡Fish¡¡was¡¡a¡¡popular£»¡¡optimistic¡¡man£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡¡¨full¡­speed¡­ahead¡¨¡¡temperament¡£¡¡He¡¡pushed¡¡the¡¡policy¡¡of¡¡expansion¡¡until¡¡he¡¡broke¡¡all¡¡the¡¡records¡£¡¡He¡¡borrowed¡¡money¡¡in¡¡stupendous¡¡amounts150£»000£»000¡¡at¡¡one¡¡timeand¡¡flung¡¡it¡¡into¡¡a¡¡campaign¡¡of¡¡red¡­¡¡hot¡¡development¡£¡¡More¡¡business¡¡he¡¡demanded£»¡¡and¡¡more£»¡¡and¡¡more£»¡¡until¡¡his¡¡captains£»¡¡like¡¡a¡¡thirty¡­horse¡¡team¡¡of¡¡galloping¡¡horses£»¡¡became¡¡very¡¡nearly¡¡uncontrollable¡£

It¡¡was¡¡a¡¡fast¡¡and¡¡furious¡¡period¡£¡¡The¡¡whole¡¡country¡¡was¡¡ablaze¡¡with¡¡a¡¡passion¡¡of¡¡prosperity¡£¡¡After¡¡generations¡¡of¡¡conflict£»¡¡the¡¡men¡¡with¡¡large¡¡ideas¡¡had¡¡at¡¡last¡¡put¡¡to¡¡rout¡¡the¡¡men¡¡of¡¡small¡¡ideas¡£¡¡The¡¡waste¡¡and¡¡folly¡¡of¡¡competition¡¡had¡¡everywhere¡¡driven¡¡men¡¡to¡¡the¡¡policy¡¡of¡¡cooperation¡£¡¡Mills¡¡were¡¡linked¡¡to¡¡mills¡¡and¡¡factories¡¡to¡¡factories£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡vast¡¡mutualism¡¡of¡¡industry¡¡such¡¡as¡¡no¡¡other¡¡age£»¡¡perhaps£»¡¡has¡¡ever¡¡known¡£¡¡And¡¡as¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡is¡¡essentially¡¡the¡¡instrument¡¡of¡¡co¡­working¡¡and¡¡interdependent¡¡people£»¡¡it¡¡found¡¡itself¡¡suddenly¡¡welcomed¡¡as¡¡the¡¡most¡¡popular¡¡and¡¡indispensable¡¡of¡¡all¡¡the¡¡agencies¡¡that¡¡put¡¡men¡¡in¡¡touch¡¡with¡¡each¡¡other¡£

To¡¡describe¡¡this¡¡growth¡¡in¡¡a¡¡single¡¡sentence£»¡¡we¡¡might¡¡say¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Bell¡¡telephone¡¡secured¡¡its¡¡first¡¡million¡¡of¡¡capital¡¡in¡¡1879£»¡¡its¡¡first¡¡million¡¡of¡¡earnings¡¡in¡¡1882£»¡¡its¡¡first¡¡million¡¡of¡¡dividends¡¡in¡¡1884£»¡¡its¡¡first¡¡million¡¡of¡¡surplus¡¡in¡¡1885¡£¡¡It¡¡had¡¡paid¡¡out¡¡its¡¡first¡¡million¡¡for¡¡legal¡¡expenses¡¡by¡¡1886£»¡¡began¡¡first¡¡to¡¡send¡¡a¡¡million¡¡messages¡¡a¡¡day¡¡in¡¡1888£»¡¡had¡¡strung¡¡its¡¡first¡¡million¡¡miles¡¡of¡¡wire¡¡in¡¡1900£»¡¡and¡¡had¡¡installed¡¡its¡¡first¡¡million¡¡telephones¡¡in¡¡1898¡£¡¡By¡¡1897¡¡it¡¡had¡¡spun¡¡as¡¡many¡¡cobwebs¡¡of¡¡wire¡¡as¡¡the¡¡mighty¡¡Western¡¡Union¡¡itself£»¡¡by¡¡1900¡¡it¡¡had¡¡twice¡¡as¡¡many¡¡miles¡¡of¡¡wire¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Western¡¡Union£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡1905¡¡FIVE¡¡TIMES¡¡as¡¡many¡£¡¡Such¡¡was¡¡the¡¡plunging¡¡progress¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bell¡¡Companies¡¡in¡¡this¡¡period¡¡of¡¡expansion£»¡¡that¡¡by¡¡1905¡¡they¡¡had¡¡swept¡¡past¡¡all¡¡European¡¡countries¡¡combined£»¡¡not¡¡only¡¡in¡¡the¡¡quality¡¡of¡¡the¡¡service¡¡but¡¡in¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡number¡¡of¡¡telephones¡¡in¡¡use¡£¡¡This£»¡¡too£»¡¡without¡¡a¡¡cent¡¡of¡¡public¡¡money£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡protection¡¡of¡¡a¡¡tariff£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡prestige¡¡of¡¡a¡¡governmental¡¡bureau¡£

By¡¡1892¡¡Boston¡¡and¡¡New¡¡York¡¡were¡¡talking¡¡to¡¡Chicago£»¡¡Milwaukee£»¡¡Pittsburg£»¡¡and¡¡Washington¡£¡¡One¡­half¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡were¡¡within¡¡talking¡¡distance¡¡of¡¡each¡¡other¡£¡¡The¡¡THOUSAND¡­MILE¡¡TALK¡¡had¡¡ceased¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡fairy¡¡tale¡£¡¡Several¡¡years¡¡later¡¡the¡¡western¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡line¡¡was¡¡pushed¡¡over¡¡the¡¡plains¡¡to¡¡Nebraska£»¡¡enabling¡¡the¡¡spoken¡¡word¡¡in¡¡Boston¡¡to¡¡be¡¡heard¡¡in¡¡Omaha¡£¡¡Slowly¡¡and¡¡with¡¡much¡¡effort¡¡the¡¡public¡¡were¡¡taught¡¡to¡¡substitute¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡for¡¡travel¡£¡¡A¡¡special¡¡long¡­distance¡¡salon¡¡was¡¡fitted¡¡up¡¡in¡¡New¡¡York¡¡City¡¡to¡¡entice¡¡people¡¡into¡¡the¡¡habit¡¡of¡¡talking¡¡to¡¡other¡¡cities¡£¡¡Cabs¡¡were¡¡sent¡¡for¡¡customers£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡one¡¡arrived£»¡¡he¡¡was¡¡escorted¡¡over¡¡Oriental¡¡rugs¡¡to¡¡a¡¡gilded¡¡booth£»¡¡draped¡¡with¡¡silken¡¡curtains¡£¡¡This¡¡was¡¡the¡¡famous¡¡¡¨Room¡¡Nine¡£¡¨¡¡By¡¡such¡¡and¡¡many¡¡other¡¡allurements¡¡a¡¡larger¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡telephone¡¡service¡¡was¡¡given¡¡to¡¡the¡¡public¡¡mind£»¡¡until¡¡in¡¡1909¡¡at¡¡least¡¡eighteen¡¡thousand¡¡New¡¡York¡­Chicago¡¡conversa¡­¡¡tions¡¡were¡¡held£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡revenue¡¡from¡¡strictly¡¡long¡­distance¡¡messages¡¡was¡¡twenty¡­two¡¡thousand¡¡dollars¡¡a¡¡day¡£

By¡¡1906¡¡even¡¡the¡¡Rocky¡¡Mountain¡¡Bell¡¡Company¡¡had¡¡grown¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡ten¡­million¡­dollar¡¡enterprise¡£¡¡It¡¡began¡¡at¡¡Salt¡¡Lake¡¡City¡¡with¡¡a¡¡hundred¡¡telephones£»¡¡in¡¡1880¡£¡¡Then¡¡it¡¡reached¡¡out¡¡to¡¡master¡¡an¡¡area¡¡of¡¡four¡¡hundred¡¡and¡¡thirteen¡¡thousand¡¡square¡¡milesa¡¡great¡¡Lone¡¡Land¡¡of¡¡undeveloped¡¡resources¡£¡¡Its¡¡linemen¡¡groped¡¡through¡¡dense¡¡forests¡¡where¡¡their¡¡poles¡¡looked¡¡like¡¡toothpicks¡¡beside¡¡the¡¡towering¡¡pines¡¡and¡¡cedars¡£¡¡They¡¡girdled¡¡the¡¡mountains¡¡and¡¡basted¡¡the¡¡prairies¡¡with¡¡wire£»¡¡until¡¡the¡¡lonely¡¡places¡¡w

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