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His¡¡monumental¡¡work¡¡has¡¡been¡¡the¡¡development¡¡of¡¡the¡¡MULTIPLE¡¡Switchboard£»¡¡a¡¡much¡¡more¡¡brain¡­twisting¡¡problem¡¡than¡¡the¡¡building¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Pyramids¡¡or¡¡the¡¡digging¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Panama¡¡Canal¡£¡¡The¡¡earlier¡¡types¡¡of¡¡switchboard¡¡had¡¡become¡¡too¡¡cumbersome¡¡by¡¡1885¡£¡¡They¡¡were¡¡well¡¡enough¡¡for¡¡five¡¡hundred¡¡wires¡¡but¡¡not¡¡for¡¡five¡¡thousand¡£¡¡In¡¡some¡¡exchanges¡¡as¡¡many¡¡as¡¡half¡¡a¡¡dozen¡¡operators¡¡were¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡handle¡¡a¡¡single¡¡call£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡clamor¡¡and¡¡confusion¡¡were¡¡becoming¡¡unbearable¡£¡¡Some¡¡handier¡¡and¡¡quieter¡¡way¡¡had¡¡to¡¡be¡¡devised£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡arose¡¡the¡¡Multiple¡¡board¡£¡¡The¡¡first¡¡crude¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡such¡¡a¡¡way¡¡had¡¡sprung¡¡to¡¡life¡¡in¡¡the¡¡brain¡¡of¡¡a¡¡Chicago¡¡man¡¡named¡¡L¡£¡¡B¡£¡¡Firman£»¡¡in¡¡1879£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡became¡¡a¡¡farmer¡¡and¡¡forsook¡¡his¡¡invention¡¡in¡¡its¡¡infancy¡£

In¡¡the¡¡Multiple¡¡board£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡grew¡¡up¡¡under¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡Scribner£»¡¡the¡¡outgoing¡¡wires¡¡are¡¡duplicated¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡be¡¡within¡¡reach¡¡of¡¡every¡¡operator¡£¡¡A¡¡local¡¡call¡¡can¡¡thus¡¡be¡¡answered¡¡at¡¡once¡¡by¡¡the¡¡operator¡¡who¡¡receives¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡any¡¡operator¡¡who¡¡is¡¡overwhelmed¡¡by¡¡a¡¡sudden¡¡rush¡¡of¡¡business¡¡can¡¡be¡¡helped¡¡by¡¡her¡¡companions¡£¡¡Every¡¡wire¡¡that¡¡comes¡¡into¡¡the¡¡board¡¡is¡¡tasselled¡¡out¡¡into¡¡many¡¡ends£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of¡¡a¡¡¡¨busy¡¡test£»¡¨¡¡invented¡¡by¡¡Scribner£»¡¡only¡¡one¡¡of¡¡these¡¡ends¡¡can¡¡be¡¡put¡¡into¡¡use¡¡at¡¡a¡¡time¡£¡¡The¡¡normal¡¡limit¡¡of¡¡such¡¡a¡¡board¡¡is¡¡ten¡¡thousand¡¡wires£»¡¡and¡¡will¡¡always¡¡remain¡¡so£»¡¡unless¡¡a¡¡race¡¡of¡¡long¡­armed¡¡giantesses¡¡should¡¡appear£»¡¡who¡¡would¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡reach¡¡over¡¡a¡¡greater¡¡expanse¡¡of¡¡board¡£¡¡At¡¡present£»¡¡a¡¡business¡¡of¡¡more¡¡than¡¡ten¡¡thousand¡¡lines¡¡means¡¡a¡¡second¡¡exchange¡£

The¡¡Multiple¡¡board¡¡was¡¡enormously¡¡expensive¡£¡¡It¡¡grew¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡elaborate¡¡until¡¡it¡¡cost¡¡one¡­third¡¡of¡¡a¡¡million¡¡dollars¡£¡¡The¡¡telephone¡¡men¡¡racked¡¡their¡¡brains¡¡to¡¡produce¡¡something¡¡cheaper¡¡to¡¡take¡¡its¡¡place£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡failed¡£¡¡The¡¡Multiple¡¡boards¡¡swallowed¡¡up¡¡capital¡¡as¡¡a¡¡desert¡¡swallows¡¡water£»¡¡but¡¡THEY¡¡SAVED¡¡TEN¡¡SECONDS¡¡ON¡¡EVERY¡¡CALL¡£¡¡This¡¡was¡¡an¡¡unanswerable¡¡argument¡¡in¡¡their¡¡favor£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡1887¡¡twenty¡­¡¡one¡¡of¡¡them¡¡were¡¡in¡¡use¡£

Since¡¡then£»¡¡the¡¡switchboard¡¡has¡¡had¡¡three¡¡or¡¡four¡¡rebuildings¡£¡¡There¡¡has¡¡seemed¡¡to¡¡be¡¡no¡¡limit¡¡to¡¡the¡¡demands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡public¡¡or¡¡the¡¡fertility¡¡of¡¡Scribner's¡¡brain¡£¡¡Persistent¡¡changes¡¡were¡¡made¡¡in¡¡the¡¡system¡¡of¡¡signalling¡£¡¡The¡¡first¡¡signal£»¡¡used¡¡by¡¡Bell¡¡and¡¡Watson£»¡¡was¡¡a¡¡tap¡¡on¡¡the¡¡diaphragm¡¡with¡¡the¡¡finger¡­nail¡£¡¡Soon¡¡after¡­¡¡wards¡¡came¡¡a¡¡¡¨buzzer£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡then¡¡the¡¡magneto¡­¡¡electric¡¡bell¡£¡¡In¡¡1887¡¡Joseph¡¡O'Connell£»¡¡of¡¡Chicago£»¡¡conceived¡¡of¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡tiny¡¡electric¡¡lights¡¡as¡¡signals£»¡¡a¡¡brilliant¡¡idea£»¡¡as¡¡an¡¡electric¡¡light¡¡makes¡¡no¡¡noise¡¡and¡¡can¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡either¡¡by¡¡night¡¡or¡¡by¡¡day¡£¡¡In¡¡1901£»¡¡J¡£¡¡J¡£¡¡Carty¡¡invented¡¡the¡¡¡¨bridging¡¡bell£»¡¨¡¡a¡¡way¡¡to¡¡put¡¡four¡¡houses¡¡on¡¡a¡¡single¡¡wire£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡different¡¡signal¡¡for¡¡each¡¡house¡£¡¡This¡¡idea¡¡made¡¡the¡¡¡¨party¡¡line¡¨¡¡practicable£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡once¡¡created¡¡a¡¡boom¡¡in¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡by¡¡enterprising¡¡farmers¡£

In¡¡1896¡¡there¡¡came¡¡a¡¡most¡¡revolutionary¡¡change¡¡in¡¡switchboards¡£¡¡All¡¡things¡¡were¡¡made¡¡new¡£¡¡Instead¡¡of¡¡individual¡¡batteries£»¡¡one¡¡at¡¡each¡¡telephone£»¡¡a¡¡large¡¡common¡¡battery¡¡was¡¡installed¡¡in¡¡the¡¡exchange¡¡itself¡£¡¡This¡¡meant¡¡better¡¡signalling¡¡and¡¡better¡¡talking¡£¡¡It¡¡reduced¡¡the¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡batteries¡¡and¡¡put¡¡them¡¡in¡¡charge¡¡of¡¡experts¡£¡¡It¡¡established¡¡uniformity¡£¡¡It¡¡introduced¡¡the¡¡federal¡¡idea¡¡into¡¡the¡¡mechanism¡¡of¡¡a¡¡telephone¡¡system¡£¡¡Best¡¡of¡¡all£»¡¡it¡¡saved¡¡FOUR¡¡SECONDS¡¡ON¡¡EVERY¡¡CALL¡£¡¡The¡¡first¡¡of¡¡these¡¡centralizing¡¡switchboards¡¡was¡¡put¡¡in¡¡place¡¡at¡¡Philadelphia£»¡¡and¡¡other¡¡cities¡¡followed¡¡suit¡¡as¡¡fast¡¡as¡¡they¡¡could¡¡afford¡¡the¡¡expense¡¡of¡¡rebuilding¡£¡¡Since¡¡then£»¡¡there¡¡have¡¡come¡¡some¡¡switchboards¡¡that¡¡are¡¡wholly¡¡automatic¡£¡¡Few¡¡of¡¡these¡¡have¡¡been¡¡put¡¡into¡¡use£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡reason¡¡that¡¡a¡¡switchboard£»¡¡like¡¡a¡¡human¡¡body£»¡¡must¡¡be¡¡semi¡­automatic¡¡only¡£¡¡To¡¡give¡¡the¡¡most¡¡efficient¡¡service£»¡¡there¡¡will¡¡always¡¡need¡¡to¡¡be¡¡an¡¡expert¡¡to¡¡stand¡¡between¡¡it¡¡and¡¡the¡¡public¡£

As¡¡the¡¡final¡¡result¡¡of¡¡all¡¡these¡¡varying¡¡changes¡¡in¡¡switchboards¡¡and¡¡signals¡¡and¡¡batteries£»¡¡there¡¡grew¡¡up¡¡the¡¡modern¡¡Telephone¡¡Exchange¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡the¡¡solar¡¡plexus¡¡of¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡body¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡the¡¡vital¡¡spot¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡the¡¡home¡¡of¡¡the¡¡switchboard¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡any¡¡one's¡¡invention£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡was¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡a¡¡growing¡¡mechanism¡¡that¡¡is¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡finished£»¡¡and¡¡may¡¡never¡¡be£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡has¡¡already¡¡evolved¡¡far¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡be¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wonders¡¡of¡¡the¡¡electrical¡¡world¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡probably¡¡no¡¡other¡¡part¡¡of¡¡an¡¡American¡¡city's¡¡equipment¡¡that¡¡is¡¡as¡¡sensitive¡¡and¡¡efficient¡¡as¡¡a¡¡telephone¡¡exchange¡£

The¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡the¡¡exchange¡¡is¡¡somewhat¡¡older¡¡than¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡itself¡£¡¡There¡¡were¡¡communication¡¡exchanges¡¡before¡¡the¡¡invention¡¡of¡¡the¡¡telephone¡£¡¡Thomas¡¡B¡£¡¡Doolittle¡¡had¡¡one¡¡in¡¡Bridgeport£»¡¡using¡¡telegraph¡¡instruments¡¡Thomas¡¡B¡£¡¡A¡£¡¡David¡¡had¡¡one¡¡in¡¡Pittsburg£»¡¡using¡¡printing¡­telegraph¡¡machines£»¡¡which¡¡required¡¡little¡¡skill¡¡to¡¡operate¡£¡¡And¡¡William¡¡A¡£¡¡Childs¡¡had¡¡a¡¡third£»¡¡for¡¡lawyers¡¡only£»¡¡in¡¡New¡¡York£»¡¡which¡¡used¡¡dials¡¡at¡¡first¡¡and¡¡afterwards¡¡printing¡¡machines¡£¡¡These¡¡little¡¡exchanges¡¡had¡¡set¡¡out¡¡to¡¡do¡¡the¡¡work¡¡that¡¡is¡¡done¡¡to¡­day¡¡by¡¡the¡¡telephone£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡did¡¡it¡¡after¡¡a¡¡fashion£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡most¡¡crude¡¡and¡¡expensive¡¡way¡£¡¡They¡¡helped¡¡to¡¡prepare¡¡the¡¡way¡¡for¡¡the¡¡telephone£»¡¡by¡¡building¡¡up¡¡small¡¡constituencies¡¡that¡¡were¡¡ready¡¡for¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡when¡¡it¡¡arrived¡£

Bell¡¡himself¡¡was¡¡perhaps¡¡the¡¡first¡¡to¡¡see¡¡the¡¡future¡¡of¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡exchange¡£¡¡In¡¡a¡¡letter¡¡written¡¡to¡¡some¡¡English¡¡capitalists¡¡in¡¡1878£»¡¡he¡¡said£º¡¡¡¨It¡¡is¡¡possible¡¡to¡¡connect¡¡every¡¡man's¡¡house£»¡¡office¡¡or¡¡factory¡¡with¡¡a¡¡central¡¡station£»¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡give¡¡him¡¡direct¡¡communication¡¡with¡¡his¡¡neighbors¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡conceivable¡¡that¡¡cables¡¡of¡¡telephone¡¡wires¡¡could¡¡be¡¡laid¡¡underground£»¡¡or¡¡suspended¡¡overhead£»¡¡connecting¡¡by¡¡branch¡¡wires¡¡with¡¡private¡¡dwellings£»¡¡shops£»¡¡etc¡££»¡¡and¡¡uniting¡¡them¡¡through¡¡the¡¡main¡¡cable¡¡with¡¡a¡¡central¡¡office¡£¡¨¡¡This¡¡remarkable¡¡prophecy¡¡has¡¡now¡¡become¡¡stale¡¡reading£»¡¡as¡¡stale¡¡as¡¡Darwin's¡¡¡¨Origin¡¡of¡¡Species£»¡¨¡¡or¡¡Adam¡¡Smith's¡¡¡¨Wealth¡¡of¡¡Nations¡£¡¨¡¡But¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡written¡¡it¡¡was¡¡a¡¡most¡¡fanciful¡¡dream¡£

When¡¡the¡¡first¡¡infant¡¡exchange¡¡for¡¡telephone¡¡service¡¡was¡¡born¡¡in¡¡Boston£»¡¡in¡¡1877£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡the¡¡tiny¡¡offspring¡¡of¡¡a¡¡burglar¡­alarm¡¡business¡¡operated¡¡by¡¡E¡£¡¡T¡£¡¡Holmes£»¡¡a¡¡young¡¡man¡¡whose¡¡father¡¡had¡¡originated¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡protecting¡¡property¡¡by¡¡electric¡¡wires¡¡in¡¡1858¡£¡¡Holmes¡¡was¡¡the¡¡first¡¡practical¡¡man¡¡who¡¡dared¡¡to¡¡offer¡¡telephone¡¡service¡¡for¡¡sale¡£¡¡He¡¡had¡¡obtained¡¡two¡¡telephones£»¡¡numbers¡¡six¡¡and¡¡seven£»¡¡the¡¡first¡¡five¡¡having¡¡gone¡¡to¡¡the¡¡junk¡­heap£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡attached¡¡these¡¡to¡¡a¡¡wire¡¡in¡¡his¡¡burglar¡­alarm¡¡office¡£¡¡For¡¡two¡¡weeks¡¡his¡¡business¡¡friends¡¡played¡¡with¡¡the¡¡telephones£»¡¡like¡¡boys¡¡with¡¡a¡¡fascinating¡¡toy£»¡¡then¡¡Holmes¡¡nailed¡¡up¡¡a¡¡new¡¡shelf¡¡in¡¡his¡¡office£»¡¡and¡¡on¡¡this¡¡shelf¡¡placed¡¡six¡¡box¡­telephones¡¡in¡¡a¡¡row¡£¡¡These¡¡could¡¡be¡¡switched¡¡into¡¡connection¡¡with¡¡the¡¡burglar¡­alarm¡¡wires¡¡and¡¡any¡¡two¡¡of¡¡the¡¡six¡¡wires¡¡could¡¡be¡¡joined¡¡by¡¡a¡¡wire¡¡cord¡£¡¡Nothing¡¡could¡¡have¡¡been¡¡simpler£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡was¡¡the¡¡arrival¡¡of¡¡a¡¡new¡¡idea¡¡in¡¡the¡¡business¡¡world¡£

The¡¡Holmes¡¡exchange¡¡was¡¡on¡¡the¡¡top¡¡floor¡¡of¡¡a¡¡little¡¡building£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡almost¡¡every¡¡other¡¡city¡¡the¡¡first¡¡exchange¡¡was¡¡as¡¡near¡¡the¡¡roof¡¡as¡¡possible£»¡¡partly¡¡to¡¡save¡¡rent¡¡and¡¡partly¡¡because¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wires¡¡were¡¡strung¡¡on¡¡roof¡­tops¡£¡¡As¡¡the¡¡telephone¡¡itself¡¡had¡¡been¡¡born¡¡in¡¡a¡¡cellar£»¡¡so¡¡the¡¡exchange¡¡was¡¡born¡¡in¡¡a¡¡garret¡£¡¡Usually£»¡¡too£»¡¡each¡¡exchange¡¡was¡¡an¡¡off¡­shoot¡¡of¡¡some¡¡other¡¡wire¡­using¡¡business¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡a¡¡medley¡¡of¡¡makeshifts¡£¡¡Almost¡¡every¡¡part¡¡of¡¡its¡¡outfit¡¡had¡¡been¡¡made¡¡for¡¡other¡¡uses¡£¡¡In¡¡Chicago¡¡all¡¡calls¡¡came¡¡in¡¡to¡¡one¡¡boy£»¡¡who¡¡bawled¡¡them¡¡up¡¡a¡¡speaking¡­¡¡tube¡¡to¡¡the¡¡operators¡£¡¡In¡¡another¡¡city¡¡a¡¡boy¡¡received¡¡the¡¡calls£»¡¡wrote¡¡them¡¡on¡¡white¡¡alleys£»¡¡and¡¡rolled¡¡them¡¡to¡¡the¡¡boys¡¡at¡¡the¡¡switchboard¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡no¡¡number¡¡system¡£¡¡Every¡¡one¡¡was¡¡called¡¡by¡¡name¡£¡¡Even¡¡as¡¡late¡¡as¡¡1880£»¡¡when¡¡New¡¡York¡¡boasted¡¡fifteen¡¡hundred¡¡telephones£»¡¡names¡¡were¡¡still¡¡in¡¡use¡£¡¡And¡¡as¡¡the¡¡first¡¡telephones¡¡were¡¡used¡¡both¡¡as¡¡transmitters¡¡and¡¡receivers£»¡¡there¡¡was¡¡usually¡¡posted¡¡up¡¡a¡¡rule¡¡that¡¡was¡¡highly¡¡important£º¡¡¡¨Don't¡¡Talk¡¡with¡¡your¡¡Ear¡¡or¡¡Listen¡¡with¡¡your¡¡Mouth¡£¡¨

To¡¡describe¡¡one¡¡of¡¡those¡¡early¡¡telephone¡¡exchanges¡¡in¡¡the¡¡silence¡¡of¡¡a¡¡printed¡¡page¡¡is¡¡a¡¡wholly¡¡impossible¡¡thing¡£¡¡Nothing¡¡but¡¡a¡¡language¡¡of¡¡noise¡¡could¡¡convey¡¡the¡¡proper¡¡impression¡£¡¡An¡¡editor¡¡who¡¡visited¡¡the¡¡Chicago¡¡exchange¡¡in¡¡1879¡¡said¡¡of¡¡it£º¡¡¡¨The¡¡racket¡¡is¡¡almost¡¡deafening¡£¡¡Boys¡¡are¡¡rushing¡¡madly¡¡hither¡¡and¡¡thither£»¡¡while¡¡others¡¡are¡¡putting¡¡in¡¡or¡¡taking¡¡out¡¡pegs¡¡from¡¡a¡¡central¡¡framework¡¡as¡¡if¡¡they¡¡were¡¡lunatics¡¡engaged¡¡in¡¡a¡¡game¡¡of¡¡fox¡¡and¡¡geese¡£¡¨¡¡In¡¡the¡¡same¡¡year¡¡E¡£¡¡J¡£¡¡Hall¡¡wrote¡¡from¡¡Buffalo¡¡that¡¡hi

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