wealbk01-µÚ18ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
kept£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡extraordinary¡¡profit¡¡can¡¡last¡¡very¡¡little¡¡longer
than¡¡they¡¡are¡¡kept¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Secrets¡¡in¡¡manufactures¡¡are¡¡capable¡¡of¡¡being¡¡longer¡¡kept
than¡¡secrets¡¡in¡¡trade¡£¡¡A¡¡dyer¡¡who¡¡has¡¡found¡¡the¡¡means¡¡of
producing¡¡a¡¡particular¡¡colour¡¡with¡¡materials¡¡which¡¡cost¡¡only¡¡half
the¡¡price¡¡of¡¡those¡¡commonly¡¡made¡¡use¡¡of£»¡¡may£»¡¡with¡¡good
management£»¡¡enjoy¡¡the¡¡advantage¡¡of¡¡his¡¡discovery¡¡as¡¡long¡¡as¡¡he
lives£»¡¡and¡¡even¡¡leave¡¡it¡¡as¡¡a¡¡legacy¡¡to¡¡his¡¡posterity¡£¡¡His
extraordinary¡¡gains¡¡arise¡¡from¡¡the¡¡high¡¡price¡¡which¡¡is¡¡paid¡¡for
his¡¡private¡¡labour¡£¡¡They¡¡properly¡¡consist¡¡in¡¡the¡¡high¡¡wages¡¡of
that¡¡labour¡£¡¡But¡¡as¡¡they¡¡are¡¡repeated¡¡upon¡¡every¡¡part¡¡of¡¡his
stock£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡their¡¡whole¡¡amount¡¡bears£»¡¡upon¡¡that¡¡account£»¡¡a
regular¡¡proportion¡¡to¡¡it£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡commonly¡¡considered¡¡as
extraordinary¡¡profits¡¡of¡¡stock¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Such¡¡enhancements¡¡of¡¡the¡¡market¡¡price¡¡are¡¡evidently¡¡the
effects¡¡of¡¡particular¡¡accidents£»¡¡of¡¡which£»¡¡however£»¡¡the¡¡operation
may¡¡sometimes¡¡last¡¡for¡¡many¡¡years¡¡together¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Some¡¡natural¡¡productions¡¡require¡¡such¡¡a¡¡singularity¡¡of¡¡soil
and¡¡situation¡¡that¡¡all¡¡the¡¡land¡¡in¡¡a¡¡great¡¡country£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡fit
for¡¡producing¡¡them£»¡¡may¡¡not¡¡be¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡supply¡¡the¡¡effectual
demand¡£¡¡The¡¡whole¡¡quantity¡¡brought¡¡to¡¡market£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡may¡¡be
disposed¡¡of¡¡to¡¡those¡¡who¡¡are¡¡willing¡¡to¡¡give¡¡more¡¡than¡¡what¡¡is
sufficient¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡the¡¡rent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡land¡¡which¡¡produced¡¡them£»
together¡¡with¡¡the¡¡wages¡¡of¡¡the¡¡labour£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡profits¡¡of¡¡the
stock¡¡which¡¡were¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡preparing¡¡and¡¡bringing¡¡them¡¡to
market£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡their¡¡natural¡¡rates¡£¡¡Such¡¡commodities¡¡may
continue¡¡for¡¡whole¡¡centuries¡¡together¡¡to¡¡be¡¡sold¡¡at¡¡this¡¡high
price£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡part¡¡of¡¡it¡¡which¡¡resolves¡¡itself¡¡into¡¡the¡¡rent¡¡of
land¡¡is¡¡in¡¡this¡¡case¡¡the¡¡part¡¡which¡¡is¡¡generally¡¡paid¡¡above¡¡its
natural¡¡rate¡£¡¡The¡¡rent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡land¡¡which¡¡affords¡¡such¡¡singular
and¡¡esteemed¡¡productions£»¡¡like¡¡the¡¡rent¡¡of¡¡some¡¡vineyards¡¡in
France¡¡of¡¡a¡¡peculiarly¡¡happy¡¡soil¡¡and¡¡situation£»¡¡bears¡¡no¡¡regular
proportion¡¡to¡¡the¡¡rent¡¡of¡¡other¡¡equally¡¡fertile¡¡and¡¡equally
well¡cultivated¡¡land¡¡in¡¡its¡¡neighbourhood¡£¡¡The¡¡wages¡¡of¡¡the
labour¡¡and¡¡the¡¡profits¡¡of¡¡the¡¡stock¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡bringing¡¡such
commodities¡¡to¡¡market£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡contrary£»¡¡are¡¡seldom¡¡out¡¡of¡¡their
natural¡¡proportion¡¡to¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡other¡¡employments¡¡of¡¡labour
and¡¡stock¡¡in¡¡their¡¡neighbourhood¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Such¡¡enhancements¡¡of¡¡the¡¡market¡¡price¡¡are¡¡evidently¡¡the
effect¡¡of¡¡natural¡¡causes¡¡which¡¡may¡¡hinder¡¡the¡¡effectual¡¡demand
from¡¡ever¡¡being¡¡fully¡¡supplied£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡may¡¡continue£»
therefore£»¡¡to¡¡operate¡¡for¡¡ever¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡monopoly¡¡granted¡¡either¡¡to¡¡an¡¡individual¡¡or¡¡to¡¡a¡¡trading
company¡¡has¡¡the¡¡same¡¡effect¡¡as¡¡a¡¡secret¡¡in¡¡trade¡¡or¡¡manufactures¡£
The¡¡monopolists£»¡¡by¡¡keeping¡¡the¡¡market¡¡constantly¡¡understocked£»
by¡¡never¡¡fully¡¡supplying¡¡the¡¡effectual¡¡demand£»¡¡sell¡¡their
commodities¡¡much¡¡above¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡price£»¡¡and¡¡raise¡¡their
emoluments£»¡¡whether¡¡they¡¡consist¡¡in¡¡wages¡¡or¡¡profit£»¡¡greatly
above¡¡their¡¡natural¡¡rate¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡price¡¡of¡¡monopoly¡¡is¡¡upon¡¡every¡¡occasion¡¡the¡¡highest
which¡¡can¡¡be¡¡got¡£¡¡The¡¡natural¡¡price£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡price¡¡of¡¡free
competition£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡contrary£»¡¡is¡¡the¡¡lowest¡¡which¡¡can¡¡be¡¡taken£»
not¡¡upon¡¡every¡¡occasion£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡but¡¡for¡¡any¡¡considerable¡¡time
together¡£¡¡The¡¡one¡¡is¡¡upon¡¡every¡¡occasion¡¡the¡¡highest¡¡which¡¡can¡¡be
squeezed¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡buyers£»¡¡or¡¡which£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡supposed£»¡¡they¡¡will
consent¡¡to¡¡give£º¡¡the¡¡other¡¡is¡¡the¡¡lowest¡¡which¡¡the¡¡sellers¡¡can
commonly¡¡afford¡¡to¡¡take£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡continue¡¡their
business¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡exclusive¡¡privileges¡¡of¡¡corporations£»¡¡statutes¡¡of
apprenticeship£»¡¡and¡¡all¡¡those¡¡laws¡¡which¡¡restrain£»¡¡in¡¡particular
employments£»¡¡the¡¡competition¡¡to¡¡a¡¡smaller¡¡number¡¡than¡¡might
otherwise¡¡go¡¡into¡¡them£»¡¡have¡¡the¡¡same¡¡tendency£»¡¡though¡¡in¡¡a¡¡less
degree¡£¡¡They¡¡are¡¡a¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡enlarged¡¡monopolies£»¡¡and¡¡may
frequently£»¡¡for¡¡ages¡¡together£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡whole¡¡classes¡¡of
employments£»¡¡keep¡¡up¡¡the¡¡market¡¡price¡¡of¡¡particular¡¡commodities
above¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡price£»¡¡and¡¡maintain¡¡both¡¡the¡¡wages¡¡of¡¡the
labour¡¡and¡¡the¡¡profits¡¡of¡¡the¡¡stock¡¡employed¡¡about¡¡them¡¡somewhat
above¡¡their¡¡natural¡¡rate¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Such¡¡enhancements¡¡of¡¡the¡¡market¡¡price¡¡may¡¡last¡¡as¡¡long¡¡as
the¡¡regulations¡¡of¡¡police¡¡which¡¡give¡¡occasion¡¡to¡¡them¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡market¡¡price¡¡of¡¡any¡¡particular¡¡commodity£»¡¡though¡¡it¡¡may
continue¡¡long¡¡above£»¡¡can¡¡seldom¡¡continue¡¡long¡¡below¡¡its¡¡natural
price¡£¡¡Whatever¡¡part¡¡of¡¡it¡¡was¡¡paid¡¡below¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡rate£»¡¡the
persons¡¡whose¡¡interest¡¡it¡¡affected¡¡would¡¡immediately¡¡feel¡¡the
loss£»¡¡and¡¡would¡¡immediately¡¡withdraw¡¡either¡¡so¡¡much¡¡land£»¡¡or¡¡so
much¡¡labour£»¡¡or¡¡so¡¡much¡¡stock£»¡¡from¡¡being¡¡employed¡¡about¡¡it£»¡¡that
the¡¡quantity¡¡brought¡¡to¡¡market¡¡would¡¡soon¡¡be¡¡no¡¡more¡¡than
sufficient¡¡to¡¡supply¡¡the¡¡effectual¡¡demand¡£¡¡Its¡¡market¡¡price£»
therefore£»¡¡would¡¡soon¡¡rise¡¡to¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡price¡£¡¡This¡¡at¡¡least
would¡¡be¡¡the¡¡case¡¡where¡¡there¡¡was¡¡perfect¡¡liberty¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡same¡¡statutes¡¡of¡¡apprenticeship¡¡and¡¡other¡¡corporation
laws¡¡indeed£»¡¡which£»¡¡when¡¡a¡¡manufacture¡¡is¡¡in¡¡prosperity£»¡¡enable
the¡¡workman¡¡to¡¡raise¡¡his¡¡wages¡¡a¡¡good¡¡deal¡¡above¡¡their¡¡natural
rate£»¡¡sometimes¡¡oblige¡¡him£»¡¡when¡¡it¡¡decays£»¡¡to¡¡let¡¡them¡¡down¡¡a
good¡¡deal¡¡below¡¡it¡£¡¡As¡¡in¡¡the¡¡one¡¡case¡¡they¡¡exclude¡¡many¡¡people
from¡¡his¡¡employment£»¡¡so¡¡in¡¡the¡¡other¡¡they¡¡exclude¡¡him¡¡from¡¡many
employments¡£¡¡The¡¡effect¡¡of¡¡such¡¡regulations£»¡¡however£»¡¡is¡¡not¡¡near
so¡¡durable¡¡in¡¡sinking¡¡the¡¡workman's¡¡wages¡¡below£»¡¡as¡¡in¡¡raising
them¡¡above¡¡their¡¡natural¡¡rate¡£¡¡Their¡¡operation¡¡in¡¡the¡¡one¡¡way¡¡may
endure¡¡for¡¡many¡¡centuries£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡the¡¡other¡¡it¡¡can¡¡last¡¡no¡¡longer
than¡¡the¡¡lives¡¡of¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡workmen¡¡who¡¡were¡¡bred¡¡to¡¡the
business¡¡in¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡its¡¡prosperity¡£¡¡When¡¡they¡¡are¡¡gone£»¡¡the
number¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡are¡¡afterwards¡¡educated¡¡to¡¡the¡¡trade¡¡will
naturally¡¡suit¡¡itself¡¡to¡¡the¡¡effectual¡¡demand¡£¡¡The¡¡police¡¡must¡¡be
as¡¡violent¡¡as¡¡that¡¡of¡¡Indostan¡¡or¡¡ancient¡¡Egypt¡¡£¨where¡¡every¡¡man
was¡¡bound¡¡by¡¡a¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡religion¡¡to¡¡follow¡¡the¡¡occupation¡¡of
his¡¡father£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡supposed¡¡to¡¡commit¡¡the¡¡most¡¡horrid¡¡sacrilege
if¡¡he¡¡changed¡¡it¡¡for¡¡another£©£»¡¡which¡¡can¡¡in¡¡any¡¡particular
employment£»¡¡and¡¡for¡¡several¡¡generations¡¡together£»¡¡sink¡¡either¡¡the
wages¡¡of¡¡labour¡¡or¡¡the¡¡profits¡¡of¡¡stock¡¡below¡¡their¡¡natural¡¡rate¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡is¡¡all¡¡that¡¡I¡¡think¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡be¡¡observed¡¡at¡¡present
concerning¡¡the¡¡deviations£»¡¡whether¡¡occasional¡¡or¡¡permanent£»¡¡of
the¡¡market¡¡price¡¡of¡¡commodities¡¡from¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡price¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡natural¡¡price¡¡itself¡¡varies¡¡with¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡rate¡¡of
each¡¡of¡¡its¡¡component¡¡parts£»¡¡of¡¡wages£»¡¡profit£»¡¡and¡¡rent£»¡¡and¡¡in
every¡¡society¡¡this¡¡rate¡¡varies¡¡according¡¡to¡¡their¡¡circumstances£»
according¡¡to¡¡their¡¡riches¡¡or¡¡poverty£»¡¡their¡¡advancing£»
stationary£»¡¡or¡¡declining¡¡condition¡£¡¡I¡¡shall£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡four
following¡¡chapters£»¡¡endeavour¡¡to¡¡explain£»¡¡as¡¡fully¡¡and¡¡distinctly
as¡¡I¡¡can£»¡¡the¡¡causes¡¡of¡¡those¡¡different¡¡variations¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡First£»¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡endeavour¡¡to¡¡explain¡¡what¡¡are¡¡the
circumstances¡¡which¡¡naturally¡¡determine¡¡the¡¡rate¡¡of¡¡wages£»¡¡and¡¡in
what¡¡manner¡¡those¡¡circumstances¡¡are¡¡affected¡¡by¡¡the¡¡riches¡¡or
poverty£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡advancing£»¡¡stationary£»¡¡or¡¡declining¡¡state¡¡of¡¡the
society¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Secondly£»¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡endeavour¡¡to¡¡show¡¡what¡¡are¡¡the
circumstances¡¡which¡¡naturally¡¡determine¡¡the¡¡rate¡¡of¡¡profit£»¡¡and
in¡¡what¡¡manner£»¡¡too£»¡¡those¡¡circumstances¡¡are¡¡affected¡¡by¡¡the¡¡like
variations¡¡in¡¡the¡¡state¡¡of¡¡the¡¡society¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Though¡¡pecuniary¡¡wages¡¡and¡¡profit¡¡are¡¡very¡¡different¡¡in¡¡the
different¡¡employments¡¡of¡¡labour¡¡and¡¡stock£»¡¡yet¡¡a¡¡certain
proportion¡¡seems¡¡commonly¡¡to¡¡take¡¡place¡¡between¡¡both¡¡the
pecuniary¡¡wages¡¡in¡¡all¡¡the¡¡different¡¡employments¡¡of¡¡labour£»¡¡and
the¡¡pecuniary¡¡profits¡¡in¡¡all¡¡the¡¡different¡¡employments¡¡of¡¡stock¡£
This¡¡proportion£»¡¡it¡¡will¡¡appear¡¡hereafter£»¡¡depends¡¡partly¡¡upon
the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡different¡¡employments£»¡¡and¡¡partly¡¡upon¡¡the
different¡¡laws¡¡and¡¡policy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡society¡¡in¡¡which¡¡they¡¡are
carried¡¡on¡£¡¡But¡¡though¡¡in¡¡many¡¡respects¡¡dependent¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡laws
and¡¡policy£»¡¡this¡¡proportion¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡be¡¡little¡¡affected¡¡by¡¡the
riches¡¡or¡¡poverty¡¡of¡¡that¡¡society£»¡¡by¡¡its¡¡advancing£»¡¡stationary£»
or¡¡declining¡¡condition£»¡¡but¡¡to¡¡remain¡¡the¡¡same¡¡or¡¡very¡¡nearly¡¡the
same¡¡in¡¡all¡¡those¡¡different¡¡states¡£¡¡I¡¡shall£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡third¡¡place£»
endeavour¡¡to¡¡explain¡¡all¡¡the¡¡differ