north america-1-第57章
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he North； or by violence。 They chose the latter way； as being the readier and the surer； as most seceding nations have done。 O'Connell； when struggling for the secession of Ireland； chose the other； and nothing came of it。 The South chose violence； and prepared for it secretly and with great adroitness。 If that be not rebellion； there never has been rebellion since history began； and if civil war was ever justified in one portion of a nation by turbulence in another； it has now been justified in the Northern States of America。 What was the North to do； this foolish North； which has been so liberally told by us that she has taken up arms for nothing； that she is fighting for nothing； and will ruin herself for nothing？ When was she to take the first step toward peace？ Surely every Englishman will remember that when the earliest tidings of the coming quarrel reached us on the election of Mr。 Lincoln； we all declared that any division was impossible； it was a mere madness to speak of it。 The States； which were so great in their unity； would never consent to break up all their prestige and all their power by a separation！ Would it have been well for the North then to say； 〃If the South wish it we will certainly separate？〃 After that； when Mr。 Lincoln assumed the power to which he had been elected； and declared with sufficient manliness； and sufficient dignity also； that he would make no war upon the South； but would collect the customs and carry on the government； did we turn round and advise him that he was wrong？ No。 The idea in England then was that his message was； if anything； too mild。 〃If he means to be President of the whole Union；〃 England said； 〃he must come out with something stronger than that。〃 Then came Mr。 Seward's speech； which was； in truth； weak enough。 Mr。 Seward had ran Mr。 Lincoln very hard for the President's chair on the Republican interest； and was； most unfortunately； as I think； made Secretary of State by Mr。 Lincoln； or by his party。 The Secretary of State holds the highest office in the United States government under the President。 He cannot be compared to our Prime Minister； seeing that the President himself exercises political power； and is responsible for its exercise。 Mr。 Seward's speech simply amounted to a declaration that separation was a thing of which the Union would neither hear； speak； nor； if possible； think。 Things looked very like it； but no； they could never come to that！ The world was too good； and especially the American world。 Mr。 Seward had no specific against secession； but let every free man strike his breast； look up to heaven； determine to be good； and all would go right。 A great deal had been expected from Mr。 Seward； and when this speech came out； we in England were a little disappointed； and nobody presumed even then that the North would let the South go。 It will be argued by those who have gone into the details of American politics that an acceptance of the Crittenden compromise at this point would have saved the war。 What is or was the Crittenden compromise I will endeavor to explain hereafter； but the terms and meaning of that compromise can have no bearing on the subject。 The Republican party who were in power disapproved of that compromise； and could not model their course upon it。 The Republican party may have been right or may have been wrong； but surely it will not be argued that any political party elected to power by a majority should follow the policy of a minority； lest that minority should rebel。 I can conceive of no government more lowly placed than one which deserts the policy of the majority which supports it； fearing either the tongues or arms of a minority。 As the next scene in the play； the State of South Carolina bombarded Fort Sumter。 Was that to be the moment for a peaceable separation？ Let us suppose that O'Connell had marched down to the Pigeon House； at Dublin； and had taken it； in 1843； let us say； would that have been an argument to us for allowing Ireland to set up for herself？ Is that the way of men's minds； or of the minds of nations？ The powers of the President were defined by law； as agreed upon among all the States of the Union； and against that power and against that law South Carolina raised her hand； and the other States joined her in rebellion。 When circumstances had come to that； it was no longer possible that the North should shun the war。 To my thinking the rights of rebellion are holy。 Where would the world have been； or where would the world hope to be； without rebellion？ But let rebellion look the truth in the face； and not blanch from its own consequences。 She has to judge her own opportunities and to decide on her own fitness。 Success is the test of her judgment。 But rebellion can never be successful except by overcoming the power against which she raises herself。 She has no right to expect bloodless triumphs； and if she be not the stronger in the encounter which she creates； she must bear the penalty of her rashness。 Rebellion is justified by being better served than constituted authority； but cannot be justified otherwise。 Now and again it may happen that rebellion's cause is so good that constituted authority will fall to the ground at the first glance of her sword。 This was so the other day in Naples； when Garibaldi blew away the king's armies with a breath。 But this is not so often。 Rebellion knows that it must fight； and the legalized power against which rebels rise must of necessity fight also。 I cannot see at what point the North first sinned； nor do I think that had the North yielded； England would have honored her for her meekness。 Had she yielded without striking a blow； she would have been told that she had suffered the Union to drop asunder by her supineness。 She would have been twitted with cowardice； and told that she was no match for Southern energy。 It would then have seemed to those who sat in judgment on her that she might have righted everything by that one blow from which she had abstained。 But having struck that one blow； and having found that it did not suffice； could she then withdraw； give way； and own herself beaten？ Has it been so usually with Anglo…Saxon pluck？ In such case as that； would there have been no mention of those two dogs； Brag and Holdfast？ The man of the Northern States knows that he has braggedbragged as loudly as his English forefathers。 In that matter of bragging； the British lion and the star…spangled banner may abstain from throwing mud at each other。 And now the Northern man wishes to show that he can hold fast also。 Looking at all this I cannot see that peace has been possible to the North。 As to the question of secession and rebellion being one and the same thing； the point to me does not seem to bear an argument。 The confederation of States had a common army； a common policy； a common capital； a common government； and a common debt。 If one might secede； any or all might secede； and where then would be their property； their debt； and their servants？ A confederation with such a license attached to it would have been simply playing at national power。 If New York had secededa State which stretches from the Atlantic to British North Americait would have cut New England off from the rest of the Union。 Was it legally within the power of New York to place the six States of New England in such a position？ And why should it be assumed that so suicidal a power of destroying a nationality should be inherent in every portion of the nation？ The Slates are bound together by a written compact； but that compact gives each State no such power。 Surely such a power would have been specified had it been intended that it should be given。 But there are axioms in politics as in mathematics； which recommend themselves to the mind at once； and require no argument for their proof。 Men who are not argumentative perceive at once that they are true。 A part cannot be greater than the whole。 I think it is plain that the remnant of the Union was bound to take up arms against those States which had illegally torn themselves off from her； and if so； she could only do so with such weapons as were at her hand。 The United States army had never been numerous or well appoi
