north america-1-第41章

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ot　devoid　of　difficulty。　The　view　from　Milwaukee　over　Lake　Michigan　is　very　pleasing。　　One　looks　upon　a　vast　expanse　of　water　to　which　the　eye　finds　no　bounds；　and　therefore　there　are　none　of　the　common　attributes　of　lake　beauty；　but　the　color　of　the　lake　is　bright；　and　within　a　walk　of　the　city　the　traveler　comes　to　the　bluffs　or　low　round…topped　hills；　from　which　we　can　look　down　upon　the　shores。　　These　bluffs　form　the　beauty　of　Wisconsin　and　Minnesota；　and　relieve　the　eye　after　the　flat　level　of　Michigan。　　Round　Detroit　there　is　no　rising　ground；　and　therefore；　perhaps；　it　is　that　Detroit　is　uninteresting。　I　have　said　that　those　who　are　called　on　to　labor　in　these　States　have　their　own　hardships；　and　I　have　endeavored　to　explain　what　are　the　sufferings　to　which　the　town　laborer　is　subject。　　To　escape　from　this　is　the　laborer's　great　ambition；　and　his　mode　of　doing　so　consists　almost　universally　in　the　purchase　of　land。　　He　saves　up　money　in　order　that　he　may　buy　a　section　of　an　allotment；　and　thus　become　his　own　master。　　All　his　savings　are　made　with　a　view　to　this　independence。　　Seated　on　his　own　land　he　will　have　to　work　probably　harder　than　ever；　but　he　will　work　for　himself。　　No　task…　master　can　then　stand　over　him　and　wound　his　pride　with　harsh　words。　　He　will　be　his　own　master；　will　eat　the　food　which　he　himself　has　grown；　and　live　in　the　cabin　which　his　own　hands　have　built。　　This　is　the　object　of　his　life；　and　to　secure　this　position　he　is　content　to　work　late　and　early　and　to　undergo　the　indignities　of　previous　servitude。　　The　government　price　for　land　is　about　five　shillings　an　acreone　dollar　and　a　quarterand　the　settler　may　get　it　for　this　price　if　he　be　contented　to　take　it　not　only　untouched　as　regards　clearing；　but　also　far　removed　from　any　completed　road。　　The　traffic　in　these　lands　has　been　the　great　speculating　business　of　Western　men。　　Five　or　six　years　ago；　when　the　rage　for　such　purchases　was　at　its　height；　land　was　becoming　a　scarce　article　in　the　market。　　Individuals　or　companies　bought　it　up　with　the　object　of　reselling　it　at　a　profit；　and　many；　no　doubt；　did　make　money。　　Railway　companies　were；　in　fact；　companies　combined　for　the　purchase　of　land。　　They　purchased　land；　looking　to　increase　the　value　of　it　fivefold　by　the　opening　of　a　railroad。　　It　may　easily　be　understood　that　a　railway；　which　could　not　be　in　itself　remunerative；　might　in　this　way　become　a　lucrative　speculation。　　No　settler　could　dare　to　place　himself　absolutely　at　a　distance　from　any　thoroughfare。　　At　first　the　margins　of　nature's　highways；　the　navigable　rivers　and　lakes；　were　cleared。　　But　as　the　railway　system　grew　and　expanded　itself；　it　became　manifest　that　lands　might　be　rendered　quickly　available　which　were　not　so　circumstanced　by　nature。　　A　company　which　had　purchased　an　enormous　territory　from　the　United　States　government　at　five　shillings　an　acre　might　well　repay　itself　all　the　cost　of　a　railway　through　that　territory；　even　though　the　receipts　of　the　railway　should　do　no　more　than　maintain　the　current　expenses。　　It　is　in　this　way　that　the　thousands　of　miles　of　American　railroads　have　been　opened；　and　here　again　must　be　seen　the　immense　advantages　which　the　States　as　a　new　country　have　enjoyed。　　With　us　the　purchase　of　valuable　land　for　railways；　together　with　the　legal　expenses　which　those　compulsory　purchases　entailed；　have　been　so　great　that　with　all　our　traffic　railways　are　not　remunerative。　　But　in　the　States　the　railways　have　created　the　value　of　the　land。　　The　States　have　been　able　to　begin　at　the　right　end；　and　to　arrange　that　the　districts　which　are　benefited　shall　themselves　pay　for　the　benefit　they　receive。　The　government　price　of　land　is　125　cents；　or　about　five　shillings　an　acre；　and　even　this　need　not　be　paid　at　once　if　the　settler　purchase　directly　from　the　government。　　He　must　begin　by　making　certain　improvements　on　the　selected　landclearing　and　cultivating　some　small　portion；　building　a　hut；　and　probably　sinking　a　well。　When　this　has　been　donewhen　he　has　thus　given　a　pledge　of　his　intentions　by　depositing　on　the　land　the　value　of　a　certain　amount　of　labor；　he　cannot　be　removed。　　He　cannot　be　removed　for　a　term　of　years；　and　then　if　he　pays　the　price　of　the　land　it　becomes　his　own　with　an　indefeasible　title。　　Many　such　settlements　are　made　on　the　purchase　of　warrants　for　land。　　Soldiers　returning　from　the　Mexican　wars　were　donated　with　warrants　for　landthe　amount　being　160　acres；　or　the　quarter　of　a　section。　　The　localities　of　such　lands　were　not　specified；　but　the　privilege　granted　was　that　of　occupying　any　quarter…section　not　hitherto　tenanted。　　It　will；　of　course；　be　understood　that　lands　favorably　situated　would　be　tenanted。　　Those　contiguous　to　railways　were　of　course　so　occupied；　seeing　that　the　lines　were　not　made　till　the　lands　were　in　the　hands　of　the　companies。　　It　may　therefore　be　understood　of　what　nature　would　be　the　traffic　in　these　warrants。　　The　owner　of　a　single　warrant　might　find　it　of　no　value　to　him。　　To　go　back　utterly　into　the　woods；　away　from　river　or　road；　and　there　to　commence　with　160　acres　of　forest；　or　even　of　prairie；　would　be　a　hopeless　task　even　to　an　American　settler。　　Some　mode　of　transport　for　his　produce　must　be　found　before　his　produce　would　be　of　valuebefore；　indeed；　he　could　find　the　means　of　living。　　But　a　company　buying　up　a　large　aggregate　of　such　warrants　would　possess　the　means　of　making　such　allotments　valuable　and　of　reselling　them　at　greatly　increased　prices。　The　primary　settler；　thereforewho；　however；　will　not　usually　have　been　the　primary　ownergoes　to　work　upon　his　land　amid　all　the　wildness　of　nature。　　He　levels　and　burns　the　first　trees；　and　raises　his　first　crop　of　corn　amid　stumps　still　standing　four　or　five　feet　above　the　soil；　but　he　does　not　do　so　till　some　mode　of　conveyance　has　been　found　for　him。　　So　much　I　have　said　hoping　to　explain　the　mode　in　which　the　frontier　speculator　paves　the　way　for　the　frontier　agriculturist。　　But　the　permanent　farmer　very　generally　comes　on　the　land　as　the　third　owner。　　The　first　settler　is　a　rough　fellow；　and　seems　to　be　so　wedded　to　his　rough　life　that　he　leaves　his　land　after　his　first　wild　work　is　done；　and　goes　again　farther　off　to　some　untouched　allotment。　　He　finds　that　he　can　sell　his　improvements　at　a　profitable　rate　and　takes　the　price。　He　is　a　preparer　of　farms　rather　than　a　farmer。　　He　has　no　love　for　the　soil　which　his　hand　has　first　turned。　　He　regards　it　merely　as　an　investment；　and　when　things　about　him　are　beginning　to　wear　an　aspect　of　comfort；　when　his　property　has　become　valuable；　he　sells　it；　packs　up　his　wife　and　little　ones；　and　goes　again　into　the　woods。　　The　Western　American　has　no　love　for　his　own　soil　or　his　own　house。　　The　matter　with　him　is　simply　one　of　dollars。　　To　keep　a　farm　which　he　could　sell　at　an　advantage　from　any　feeling　of　affectionfrom　what　we　should　call　an　association　of　ideaswould　be　to　him　as　ridiculous　as　the　keeping　of　a　family　pig　would　be　in　an　English　farmer's　establishment。　　The　pig　is　a　part　of　the　farmer's　stock　in　trade；　and　must　go　the　way　of　all　pigs。　　And　so　is　it　with　house　and　land　in　the　life　of　the　frontier　man　in　the　Western　States。　But　yet　this　man　has　his　romance；　his　high　poetic　feeling；　and　above　all　his　manly　dignity。　　Visit　him；　and　you　will　find　him　without　coat　or　waistcoat；　unshorn；　in　ragged　blue　trowsers　and　old　flannel　shirt；　too　often　bearing　on　his　lantern　jaws　the　signs　of　ague　and　sickness；　but　he　will　stand　upright　before　you　and　speak　to　you　with　all　the　ease　of　a　lettered　gentleman　in　his　own　library。　　All　the　odious　incivility　of　the　republican　servant　has　been　banished。　　He　is　his　own　master；　standing　on　his　own　threshold；　and　finds　no　need　to　assert　his　equality　by　rudeness。　He　is　delighted　to　see　you；　and　bids　you　sit　down　on　his　battered　bench　without　dreaming　of　any　such　apology　as　an　English　cottier　offers　to　a　Lady　Bountiful　when　she　calls。　　He　has　worked　out　his　independence；　and　shows　it　in　every　easy　movement　of　his　body。　　He　tells　you　of　it　unconsciously　in　every　tone　of　his　voice。　　You　will　always　find　in　his　cabin　some　newspaper；　some　book；　some　token　of　advance　in　education。　　When　he　questions　you　about　the　old　country　he　astonishes　you