a footnote to history-第3章
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dwells; the dictionary may yet again help us to some idea。 I find
a string of verbs with the following senses: to deal leniently
with; as in helping oneself from a family plantation; to give away
without consulting other members of the family; to go to strangers
for help instead of to relatives; to take from relatives without
permission; to steal from relatives; to have plantations robbed by
relatives。 The ideal of conduct in the family; and some of its
depravations; appear here very plainly。 The man who (in a native
word of praise) is MATA…AINGA; a race…regarder; has his hand always
open to his kindred; the man who is not (in a native term of
contempt) NOA; knows always where to turn in any pinch of want or
extremity of laziness。 Beggary within the family … and by the less
self…respecting; without it … has thus grown into a custom and a
scourge; and the dictionary teems with evidence of its abuse。
Special words signify the begging of food; of uncooked food; of
fish; of pigs; of pigs for travellers; of pigs for stock; of taro;
of taro…tops; of taro…tops for planting; of tools; of flyhooks; of
implements for netting pigeons; and of mats。 It is true the beggar
was supposed in time to make a return; somewhat as by the Roman
contract of MUTUUM。 But the obligation was only moral; it could
not be; or was not; enforced; as a matter of fact; it was
disregarded。 The language had recently to borrow from the
Tahitians a word for debt; while by a significant excidence; it
possessed a native expression for the failure to pay … 〃to omit to
make a return for property begged。〃 Conceive now the position of
the householder besieged by harpies; and all defence denied him by
the laws of honour。 The sacramental gesture of refusal; his last
and single resource; was supposed to signify 〃my house is
destitute。〃 Until that point was reached; in other words; the
conduct prescribed for a Samoan was to give and to continue giving。
But it does not appear he was at all expected to give with a good
grace。 The dictionary is well stocked with expressions standing
ready; like missiles; to be discharged upon the locusts … 〃troop of
shamefaced ones;〃 〃you draw in your head like a tern;〃 〃you make
your voice small like a whistle…pipe;〃 〃you beg like one
delirious〃; and the verb PONGITAI; 〃to look cross;〃 is equipped
with the pregnant rider; 〃as at the sight of beggars。〃
This insolence of beggars and the weakness of proprietors can only
be illustrated by examples。 We have a girl in our service to whom
we had given some finery; that she might wait at table; and (at her
own request) some warm clothing against the cold mornings of the
bush。 She went on a visit to her family; and returned in an old
tablecloth; her whole wardrobe having been divided out among
relatives in the course of twenty…four hours。 A pastor in the
province of Atua; being a handy; busy man; bought a boat for a
hundred dollars; fifty of which he paid down。 Presently after;
relatives came to him upon a visit and took a fancy to his new
possession。 〃We have long been wanting a boat;〃 said they。 〃Give
us this one。〃 So; when the visit was done; they departed in the
boat。 The pastor; meanwhile; travelled into Savaii the best way he
could; sold a parcel of land; and begged mats among his other
relatives; to pay the remainder of the price of the boat which was
no longer his。 You might think this was enough; but some months
later; the harpies; having broken a thwart; brought back the boat
to be repaired and repainted by the original owner。
Such customs; it might be argued; being double…edged; will
ultimately right themselves。 But it is otherwise in practice。
Such folk as the pastor's harpy relatives will generally have a
boat; and will never have paid for it; such men as the pastor may
have sometimes paid for a boat; but they will never have one。 It
is there as it is with us at home: the measure of the abuse of
either system is the blackness of the individual heart。 The same
man; who would drive his poor relatives from his own door in
England; would besiege in Samoa the doors of the rich; and the
essence of the dishonesty in either case is to pursue one's own
advantage and to be indifferent to the losses of one's neighbour。
But the particular drawback of the Polynesian system is to depress
and stagger industry。 To work more is there only to be more
pillaged; to save is impossible。 The family has then made a good
day of it when all are filled and nothing remains over for the crew
of free…booters; and the injustice of the system begins to be
recognised even in Samoa。 One native is said to have amassed a
certain fortune; two clever lads have individually expressed to us
their discontent with a system which taxes industry to pamper
idleness; and I hear that in one village of Savaii a law has been
passed forbidding gifts under the penalty of a sharp fine。
Under this economic regimen; the unpopularity of taxes; which
strike all at the same time; which expose the industrious to a
perfect siege of mendicancy; and the lazy to be actually condemned
to a day's labour; may be imagined without words。 It is more
important to note the concurrent relaxation of all sense of
property。 From applying for help to kinsmen who are scarce
permitted to refuse; it is but a step to taking from them (in the
dictionary phrase) 〃without permission〃; from that to theft at
large is but a hair's…breadth。
CHAPTER II … THE ELEMENTS OF DISCORD: FOREIGN
THE huge majority of Samoans; like other God…fearing folk in other
countries; are perfectly content with their own manners。 And upon
one condition; it is plain they might enjoy themselves far beyond
the average of man。 Seated in islands very rich in food; the
idleness of the many idle would scarce matter; and the provinces
might continue to bestow their names among rival pretenders; and
fall into war and enjoy that a while; and drop into peace and enjoy
that; in a manner highly to be envied。 But the condition … that
they should be let alone … is now no longer possible。 More than a
hundred years ago; and following closely on the heels of Cook; an
irregular invasion of adventurers began to swarm about the isles of
the Pacific。 The seven sleepers of Polynesia stand; still but half
aroused; in the midst of the century of competition。 And the
island races; comparable to a shopful of crockery launched upon the
stream of time; now fall to make their desperate voyage among pots
of brass and adamant。
Apia; the port and mart; is the seat of the political sickness of
Samoa。 At the foot of a peaked; woody mountain; the coast makes a
deep indent; roughly semicircular。 In front the barrier reef is
broken by the fresh water of the streams; if the swell be from the
north; it enters almost without diminution; and the war…ships roll
dizzily at their moorings; and along the fringing coral which
follows the configuration of the beach; the surf breaks with a
continuous uproar。 In wild weather; as the world knows; the roads
are untenable。 Along the whole shore; which is everywhere green
and level and overlooked by inland mountain…tops; the town lies
drawn out in strings and clusters。 The western horn is Mulinuu;
the eastern; Matautu; and from one to the other of these extremes;
I ask the reader to walk。 He will find more of the history of
Samoa spread before his eyes in that excursion; than has yet been
collected in the blue…books or the white…books of the world。
Mulinuu (where the walk is to begin) is a flat; wind…swept
promontory; planted with palms; backed against a swamp of
mangroves; and occupied by a rather miserable village。 The reader
is informed that this is the proper residence of the Samoan kings;
he will be the more surprised to observe a board set up; a