a footnote to history-第15章
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districts in Tutuila; having made a difficulty; Brandeis is down at
the island in a schooner; with the ADLER at his heels; seizes the
chief Maunga; fines the recalcitrant districts in three hundred
dollars for expenses; and orders all to be in by April 20th; which
if it is not; 〃not one thing will be done;〃 he proclaimed; 〃but war
declared against you; and the principal chiefs taken to a distant
island。〃 He forbade mortgages of copra; a frequent source of
trickery and quarrel; and to clear off those already contracted;
passed a severe but salutary law。 Each individual or family was
first to pay off its own obligation; that settled; the free man was
to pay for the indebted village; the free village for the indebted
province; and one island for another。 Samoa; he declared; should
be free of debt within a year。 Had he given it three years; and
gone more gently; I believe it might have been accomplished。 To
make it the more possible; he sought to interdict the natives from
buying cotton stuffs and to oblige them to dress (at least for the
time) in their own tapa。 He laid the beginnings of a royal
territorial army。 The first draft was in his hands drilling。 But
it was not so much on drill that he depended; it was his hope to
kindle in these men an ESPRIT DE CORPS; which should weaken the old
local jealousies and bonds; and found a central or national party
in the islands。 Looking far before; and with a wisdom beyond that
of many merchants; he had condemned the single dependence placed on
copra for the national livelihood。 His recruits; even as they
drilled; were taught to plant cacao。 Each; his term of active
service finished; should return to his own land and plant and
cultivate a stipulated area。 Thus; as the young men continued to
pass through the army; habits of discipline and industry; a central
sentiment; the principles of the new culture; and actual gardens of
cacao; should be concurrently spread over the face of the islands。
Tamasese received; including his household expenses; 1960 dollars a
year; Brandeis; 2400。 All such disproportions are regrettable; but
this is not extreme: we have seen horses of a different colour
since then。 And the Tamaseseites; with true Samoan ostentation;
offered to increase the salary of their white premier: an offer he
had the wisdom and good feeling to refuse。 A European chief of
police received twelve hundred。 There were eight head judges; one
to each province; and appeal lay from the district judge to the
provincial; thence to Mulinuu。 From all salaries (I gather) a
small monthly guarantee was withheld。 The army was to cost from
three to four thousand; Apia (many whites refusing to pay taxes
since the suppression of the municipality) might cost three
thousand more: Sir Becker's high feat of arms coming expensive (it
will be noticed) even in money。 The whole outlay was estimated at
twenty…seven thousand; and the revenue forty thousand: a sum Samoa
is well able to pay。
Such were the arrangements and some of the ideas of this strong;
ardent; and sanguine man。 Of criticisms upon his conduct; beyond
the general consent that he was rather harsh and in too great a
hurry; few are articulate。 The native paper of complaints was
particularly childish。 Out of twenty…three counts; the first two
refer to the private character of Brandeis and Tamasese。 Three
complain that Samoan officials were kept in the dark as to the
finances; one; of the tapa law; one; of the direct appointment of
chiefs by Tamasese…Brandeis; the sort of mistake into which
Europeans in the South Seas fall so readily; one; of the enforced
labour of chiefs; one; of the taxes; and one; of the roads。 This I
may give in full from the very lame translation in the American
white book。 〃The roads that were made were called the Government
Roads; they were six fathoms wide。 Their making caused much damage
to Samoa's lands and what was planted on it。 The Samoans cried on
account of their lands; which were taken high…handedly and abused。
They again cried on account of the loss of what they had planted;
which was now thrown away in a high…handed way; without any regard
being shown or question asked of the owner of the land; or any
compensation offered for the damage done。 This was different with
foreigners' land; in their case permission was first asked to make
the roads; the foreigners were paid for any destruction made。〃 The
sting of this count was; I fancy; in the last clause。 No less than
six articles complain of the administration of the law; and I
believe that was never satisfactory。 Brandeis told me himself he
was never yet satisfied with any native judge。 And men say (and it
seems to fit in well with his hasty and eager character) that he
would legislate by word of mouth; sometimes forget what he had
said; and; on the same question arising in another province; decide
it perhaps otherwise。 I gather; on the whole; our artillery
captain was not great in law。 Two articles refer to a matter I
must deal with more at length; and rather from the point of view of
the white residents。
The common charge against Brandeis was that of favouring the German
firm。 Coming as he did; this was inevitable。 Weber had bought
Steinberger with hard cash; that was matter of history。 The
present government he did not even require to buy; having founded
it by his intrigues; and introduced the premier to Samoa through
the doors of his own office。 And the effect of the initial blunder
was kept alive by the chatter of the clerks in bar…rooms; boasting
themselves of the new government and prophesying annihilation to
all rivals。 The time of raising a tax is the harvest of the
merchants; it is the time when copra will be made; and must be
sold; and the intention of the German firm; first in the time of
Steinberger; and again in April and May; 1888; with Brandeis; was
to seize and handle the whole operation。 Their chief rivals were
the Messrs。 MacArthur; and it seems beyond question that provincial
governors more than once issued orders forbidding Samoans to take
money from 〃the New Zealand firm。〃 These; when they were brought
to his notice; Brandeis disowned; and he is entitled to be heard。
No man can live long in Samoa and not have his honesty impugned。
But the accusations against Brandeis's veracity are both few and
obscure。 I believe he was as straight as his sword。 The governors
doubtless issued these orders; but there were plenty besides
Brandeis to suggest them。 Every wandering clerk from the firm's
office; every plantation manager; would be dinning the same story
in the native ear。 And here again the initial blunder hung about
the neck of Brandeis; a ton's weight。 The natives; as well as the
whites; had seen their premier masquerading on a stool in the
office; in the eyes of the natives; as well as in those of the
whites; he must always have retained the mark of servitude from
that ill…judged passage; and they would be inclined to look behind
and above him; to the great house of MISI UEBA。 The government was
like a vista of puppets。 People did not trouble with Tamasese; if
they got speech with Brandeis; in the same way; they might not
always trouble to ask Brandeis; if they had a hint direct from MISI
UEBA。 In only one case; though it seems to have had many
developments; do I find the premier personally committed。 The
MacArthurs claimed the copra of Fasitotai on a district mortgage of
three hundred dollars。 The German firm accepted a mortgage of the
whole province of Aana; claimed the copra of Fasitotai as that of a
part of Aana; and were supported by the government。 Here Brandeis
was false to his own principle; that personal and village debts
should come before provincial。 But the case occurred before the
promulgation of the law; and