the ethics(part iv)-第4章
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页,按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页,按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
————未阅读完?加入书签已便下次继续阅读!
present; or if it had long passed away (this is obvious) therefore (by the
foregoing Prop。) we are; so far; more intensely affected towards it。 Q。E。D。
Corollary。… From the remarks made in IV:Def。vi。 of this part it follows
that; if objects are separated from the present by a longer period than
we can define in conception; though their dates of occurrence be widely
separated one from the other; they all affect us equally faintly。
Prop。 XI。 An emotion towards that which
we conceive as necessary is; when other
conditions are equal; more intense than
an emotion towards that which impossible;
or contingent; or non…necessary。
Proof。… In so far as we conceive a thing to be necessary; we; to that
extent; affirm its existence; on the other hand we deny a thing's
existence; in so far as we conceive it not to be necessary :xxxiii。note。i。);
wherefore (IV。ix。) an emotion towards that which is necessary is; other
conditions being equal; more intense than an emotion that which is
non…necessary。 Q。E。D。
Prop。 XII。 An emotion towards a thing;
which we know not to exist at the present
time; and which we conceive as possible;
is more intense; other conditions being
equal; than an emotion towards a thing
contingent。
Proof。… In so far as we conceive a thing as contingent; we are affected
by the conception of some further thing; which would assert the existence
of the former (IV:Def。iii。); but; on the other hand; we (by hypothesis)
conceive certain things; which exclude its present existence。 But; in
so far as we conceive a thing to be possible in the future; we there by
conceive things which assert its existence (IV:iv。); that is (III:xviii。);
things which promote hope or fear: wherefore an emotion towards something
possible is more vehement。 Q。E。D。
Corollary。… An emotion towards a thing; which we know not to exist in the
present; and which we conceive as contingent; is far fainter; than if we
conceive the thing to be present with us。
Proof。… Emotion towards a thing; which we conceive to exist; is more
intense than it would be; if we conceived the thing as future V:ix。Coroll。);
and is much more vehement; than if the future time be conceived as far
distant from the present (IV:x。)。 Therefore an emotion towards a thing;
whose period of existence we conceive to be far distant from the present;
is far fainter; than if we conceive the thing as present; it is;
nevertheless; more intense; than if we conceived the thing as contingent;
wherefore an emotion towards a thing; which we regard as contingent;
will be far fainter; than if we conceived the thing to be present with us。
Q。E。D。
Prop。 XIII。 Emotion towards a thing contingent;
which we know not to exist in the present; is;
other conditions being equal; fainter than an
emotion towards a thing past。
Proof。… In so far as we conceive a thing as contingent; we are not
affected by the image of any other thing; which asserts the existence
of the said thing (IV:Def。iii。); but; on the other hand (by hypothesis);
we conceive certain things excluding its present existence。 But; in so
far as we conceive it in relation to time past; we are assumed to
conceive something; which recalls the thing to memory; or excites the
image thereof (II:xviii。&Note); which is so far the same as regarding
it as present (II:xvii。Coroll。)。 Therefore (IV:ix。) an emotion towards a
thing contingent; which we know does not exist in the present; is fainter;
other conditions being equal; than an emotion towards a thing past。 Q。E。D。
Prop。 XIV。 A true knowledge of good and evil
cannot check any emotion by virtue of being true;
but only in so far as it is considered as an emotion。
Proof。… An emotion is an idea; whereby the mind affirms of its body a
greater or less force of existing than before (by the general Definition
of the Emotions); therefore it has no positive quality; which can be
destroyed by the presence of what is true; consequently the knowledge
of good and evil cannot; by virtue oi being true; restrain any emotion。
But; in so far as such knowledge is an emotion (IV:viii。) if it have
more strength for restraining emotion; it will to that extent be able
to restrain the given emotion。 Q。E。D。
Prop。 XV。 Desire arising from the
knowledge of good and bad can be
quenched or checked by many of the
other desires arising from the
emotions whereby we are assailed。
Proof。… From the true knowledge of good and evil; in so far as it is an
emotion; necessarily arises desire (Def。 of the Emotions; i。); the strength
of which is proportioned to the strength of the emotion wherefrom it arises
(III:xxxvii。)。 But; inasmuch as this desire arises (by hypothesis) from the
fact of our truly understanding anything; it follows that it is also
present with us; in so far as we are active (III:i。); and must therefore
be understood through our essence only (III:Def。ii。); consequently
(III:vii。) its force and increase can be defined solely by human power。
Again; the desires arising from the emotions whereby we are assailed are
stronger; in proportion as the said emotions are more vehement; wherefore
their force and increase must be defined solely by the power of external
causes; which; when compared with our own power; indefinitely surpass it
(IV:iii。); hence the desires arising from like emotions may be more
vehement; than the desire which arises from a true knowledge of good and
evil; and may; consequently; control or quench it。 Q。E。D。
Prop。 XVI。 Desire arising from the knowledge
of good and evil; in so far as such knowledge
regards what is future; may be more easily
controlled or quenched; than the desire for
what is agreeable at the present moment。
Proof。… Emotion towards a thing; which we conceive as future; is fainter
than emotion towards a thing that is present (IV:ix。Coroll。)。 But desire;
which arises from the true knowledge of good and evil; though it be
concerned with things which are good at the moment; can be quenched
or controlled by any headstrong desire (by the last Prop。; the proof
whereof is of universal application)。 Wherefore desire arising from
such knowledge; when concerned with the future; can be more easily
controlled or quenched; &c。 Q。E。D。
Prop。 XVII。 Desire arising from the true
knowledge of good and evil; in so far as
such knowledge is concerned with what is
contingent; can be controlled far more
easily still; than desire for things
that are present。
Proof。… This Prop。 is proved in the same way as the last Prop。 from
IV:xii。Coroll。
Note。… I think I have now shown the reason; why men are moved by opinion
more readily than by true reason; why it is that the true knowledge of good
and evil stirs up conflicts in the soul; and often yields to every kind of
passion。 This state of things gave rise to the exclamation of the poet:
(Ov。 Met。 vii。20; 〃Video meliora proboque; Deteriora sequor。〃)
The better path I gaze at and approve;
The worse … I follow。〃
Ecclesiastes seems to have had the same thought in his mind; when he says;
〃He who increaseth knowledge increaseth sorrow。〃 I have not written the
above with the object of drawing the conclusion; that ignorance is more
excellent than knowledge; or that a wise man is on a par with a fool in
controlling his emotions; but because it is necessary to know the power
and the infirmity of our nature; before we can determine what reason can
do in restraining the emotions; and what is beyond her power