the ethics(part iv)-第2章
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things involves no fixed and definite period of existence; but everything;
whether it be more perfect or less perfect; will always be able to persist
in existence with the same force wherewith it began to exist; wherefore; in
this respect; all things are equal。
DEFINITIONS。
I。 By good I mean that which we certainly know to be useful to us。
II。 By evil I mean that which we certainly know to be a hindrance
to us in the attainment of any good。 (Concerning these terms see the
foregoing preface towards the end。)
III。 Particular things I call contingent in so far as; while regarding
their essence only; we find nothing therein; which necessarily asserts
their existence or excludes it。
IV。 Particular things I call possible in so far as; while regarding the
causes whereby they must be produced; we know not; whether such causes
be determined for producing them。
(In I:xxxiii。note。i。; I drew no distinction between possible and
contingent; because there was in that place no need to distinguish
them accurately。)
V。 By conflicting emotions I mean those which draw a man in different
directions; though they are of the same kind; such as luxury and
avarice; which are both species of love; and are contraries; not
by nature; but by accident。
VI。 What I mean by emotion felt towards a thing; future; present; and
past; I explained in III:xviii。;notes。i。;&ii。; which see。
(But I should here also remark; that we can only distinctly conceive
distance of space or time up to a certain definite limit; that is; all
objects distant from us more than two hundred feet; or whose distance
from the place where we are exceeds that which we can distinctly conceive;
seem to be an equal distance from us; and all in the same plane; so also
objects; whose time of existing is conceived as removed from the present
by a longer interval than we can distinctly conceive; seem to be all
equally distant from the present; and are set down; as it were; to the
same moment of time。)
VII。 By an end; for the sake of which we do something; I mean a desire。
VIII。 By virtue (virtus) and power I mean the same thing; that is
(III:vii。); virtue; in so far as it is referred to man; is a man's
nature or essence; in so far as it has the power of effecting what
can only be understood by the laws of that nature。
AXIOM。
There is no individual thing in nature; than which there is not
another more powerful and strong。 Whatsoever thing be given; there is
something stronger whereby it can be destroyed。
PROPOSITIONS。
Prop。 I。 No positive quality possessed by a
false idea is removed by the presence of
what is true; in virtue of its being true。
Proof。… Falsity consists solely in the privation of knowledge which
inadequate ideas involve (II:xxxv。); nor have they any positive
quality on account of which they are called false (II:xxxiii。); contrariwise; in so far as they
are referred to God; they are true
(II:xxxii。)。 Wherefore; if the positive quality possessed by a false
idea were removed by the presence of what is true; in virtue of its
being true; a true idea would then be removed by itself; which
(IV:iii。) is absurd。 Therefore; no positive quality possessed by a
false idea; &c。 Q。E。D。
Note。… This proposition is more clearly understood from II:xvi。Coroll。ii。
For imagination is an idea; which indicates rather the present disposition
of the human body than the nature of the external body; not indeed
distinctly; but confusedly; whence it comes to pass; that the mind is
said to err。 For instance; when we look at the sun; we conceive that it
is distant from us about two hundred feet; in this judgment we err; so
long as we are in ignorance of its true distance; when its true distance
is known; the error is removed; but not the imagination; or; in other
words; the idea of the sun; which only explains tho nature of that
luminary; in so far as the body is affected thereby: wherefore; though
we know the real distance; we shall still nevertheless imagine the sun
to be near us。 For; as we said in III:xxxv。note; we do not imagine the sun
to be so near us; because we are ignorant of its true distance; but because
the mind conceives the magnitude of the sun to the extent that the body is
affected thereby。 Thus; when the rays of the sun falling on the surface of
water are reflected into our eyes; we imagine the sun as if it were in the
water; though we are aware of its real position; and similarly other
imaginations; wherein the mind is deceived whether they indicate the
natural disposition of the body; or that its power of activity is
increased or diminished; are not contrary to the truth; and do not vanish
at its presence。 It happens indeed that; when we mistakenly fear an evil;
the fear vanishes when we hear the true tidings; but the contrary also
happens; namely; that we fear an evil which will certainly come; and our
fear vanishes when we hear false tidings; thus imaginations do not vanish
at the presence of the truth; in virtue of its being true; but because
other imaginations; stronger than the first; supervene and exclude the
present existence of that which we imagined; as I have shown in II:。xvii。
Prop。 II。 We are only passive; in so far as
we are apart of Nature; which cannot be
conceived by itself without other parts。
Proof。… We are said to be passive; when something arises in us; whereof
we are only a partial cause (III:Def。ii。); that is (III:Def。i。); something
which cannot be deduced solely from the laws of our nature。 We are passive
therefore in so far as we are a part of Nature; which cannot be conceived
by itself without other parts。 Q。E。D。
Prop。 III。 The force whereby a man persists
in existing is limited; and is infinitely
surpassed by the power of external causes。
Proof。…This is evident from the axiom of this part。 For; when man is
given; there is something else … say A … more powerful; when A is given;
there is something else … say B … more powerful than A; and so on to
infinity; thus the power of man is limited by the power of some other
thing; and is infinitely surpassed by the power of external causes。 Q。E。D。
Prop。 IV。 It is impossible; that man should
not be a part of Nature; or that he should
be capable of undergoing no changes; save
such as can be understood through his nature
only as their adequate cause。
Proof。… The power; whereby each particular thing; and consequently man;
preserves his being; is the power of God or of Nature (I:xxiv。Coroll。);
not in so far as it is infinite; but in so far as it can be explained by
the actual human essence (III:vii。)。 Thus the power of man; in so far
as it is explained through his own actual essence; is a part of the
infinite power of God or Nature; in other words; of the essence thereof
(I:xxxiv。)。 This was our first point。 Again; if it were possible; that man
should undergo no changes save such as can be understood solely through
the nature of man; it would follow that he would not be able to die; but
would always necessarily exist; this would be the necessary consequence
of a cause whose power was either finite or infinite; namely; either of
man's power only; inasmuch as he would be capable of removing from himself
all changes which could spring from external causes; or of the infinite
power of Nature; whereby all individual things would be so ordered; that
man should be incapable of undergoing any changes save such as tended
towards his own preservation。 But the first alternative