the ethics(part iv)-第15章
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narrative no other power of God is conceived; save that whereby he
created man; that is the power wherewith he provided solely for man's
advantage; it is stated that God forbade man; being free; to eat of the
tree of the knowledge of good and evil; and that; as soon as man should
have eaten of it; he would straightway fear death rather than desire to
live。 Further; it is written that when man had found a wife; who was in
entire harmony with his nature; he knew that there could be nothing in
nature which could be more useful to him; but that after he believed the
beasts to be like himself; he straightway began to imitate their emotions
(III:xxvii。); and to lose his freedom; this freedom was afterwards
recovered by the patriarchs; led by the spirit of Christ; that is; by the
idea of God; whereon alone it depends; that man may be free; and desire for
others the good which he desires for himself; as we have shown above
(IV:xxxii。)。
Prop。 LXIX。 The virtue of a free man is seen
to be as great; when it declines dangers;
as when it overcomes them。
Proof。… Emotion can only be checked or removed by an emotion contrary to
itself; and possessing more power in restraining emotion (IV:vii。)。 But
blind daring and fear are emotions; which can be conceived as equally
great (IV:v。 and IV:iii。): hence; no less virtue or firmness is required
in checking daring than in checking fear (III:lix。Note); in other words
(Def。 of the Emotions:xl。 and xli。); the free man shows as much virtue;
when he declines dangers; as when he strives to overcome them。 Q。E。D。
Corollary。… The free man is as courageous in timely retreat as in combat;
or; a free man shows equal courage or presence of mind; whether he elect
to give battle or to retreat。
Note。… What courage (animositas) is; and what I mean thereby; I explained
in III:lix。Note。 By danger I mean everything; which can give rise to any
evil; such as pain; hatred; discord; &c。
Prop。 LXX。 The free man; who lives among the
ignorant; strives; as far as he can; to avoid
receiving favours from them。
Proof。… Everyone judges what is good according to his disposition
(III:xxxix。Note); wherefore an ignorant man; who has conferred a benefit
on another; puts his own estimate upon it; and; if it appears to be
estimated less highly by the receiver; will feel pain (III:xlii。)。 But
the free man only desires to join other men to him in friendship
(IV:xxxvii。); not repaying their benefits with others reckoned as of like
value; but guiding himself and others by the free decision of reason;
and doing only such things as he knows to be of primary importance。
Therefore the free man; lest be should become hateful to the ignorant; or
follow their desires rather than reason; will endeavour; as far as he can;
to avoid receiving their favours。
Note。… I say; as far as he can。 For though men be ignorant; yet are they
men; and in cases of necessity could afford us human aid; the most
excellent of all things: therefore it is often necessary to accept favours
from them; and consequently to repay such favours in kind; we must;
therefore; exercise caution in declining favours; lest we should have the
appearance of despising those who bestow them; or of being; from
avaricious motives; unwilling to requite them; and so give ground for
offence by the very fact of striving to avoid it。 Thus; in declining
favours; we must look to the requirements of utility and courtesy。
Prop。 LXXI。 Only free men are thoroughly
grateful one to another。
Proof。… Only free men are thoroughly useful one to another; and
associated among themselves by the closest necessity of friendship
(IV:xxxv。;&Coroll。i。); only such men endeavour; with mutual zeal of
love; to confer benefits on each other (IV:xxxvii。); and; therefore;
only they are thoroughly grateful one to another。 Q。E。D。
Note。… The goodwill; which men who are led by blind desire have for one
another; is generally a bargaining or enticement; rather than pure goodwill。
Moreover; ingratitude is not an emotion。 Yet it is base; inasmuch as
it generally shows; that a man is affected by excessive hatred; anger;
pride; avarice; &c。 He who; by reason of his folly; knows not how to
return benefits; is not ungrateful; much less he who is not gained over
by the gifts of a courtesan to serve her lust; or by a thief to conceal
his thefts; or by any similar persons。 Contrariwise; such an one shows
a constant mind; inasmuch as he cannot by an gifts be corrupted; to his
own or the general hurt。
Prop。 LXXII。 The free man never acts fraudulently;
but always in good faith。
Proof。… If it be asked: What should a man's conduct be in a case where
he could by breaking faith free himself from the danger of present death?
Would not his plan of self…preservation completely persuade him to deceive?
This may be answered by pointing out that; if reason persuaded him to act
thus; it would persuade all men to act in a similar manner; in which case
reason would persuade men not to agree in good faith to unite their forces;
or to have laws in common; that is; not to。 have any general laws; which is
absurd。
Prop。 LXXIII。 The man; who is guided by reason;
is more free in a State; where he lives under
a general system of law; than in
solitude; where he is independent。
Proof。… The man; who is guided by reason; does not obey through fear
(IV:Ixiii。): but; in so far as he endeavours to preserve his being
according to the dictates of reason; that is (IV:lxvi。Note); in so far
as he endeavours to live in freedom; he desires to order his life
according to the general good (IV:xxxvii。); and; consequently (as we
showed in IV:xxxvii。Note。ii。); to live according to the laws of his
country。 Therefore the free man; in order to enjoy greater freedom;
desires to possess the general rights of citizenship。 Q。E。D。
Note。… These and similar observations; which we have made on man's true
freedom; may be referred to strength; that is; to courage and nobility
of character (III:lix。Note)。 I do not think it worth while to prove
separately all the properties of strength; much less need I show; that he
that is strong hates no man; is angry with no man; envies no man; is
indignant with no man; despises no man; and least of all things is proud。
These propositions; and all that relate to the true way of life and
religion; are easily proved from IV:xxxvii。 and IV:xlvi。; namely; that
hatred should be overcome with love; and that every man should desire for
others the good which he seeks for himself。 We may also repeat what
we drew attention to in the note to IV:I。; and in other places; namely;
that the strong man has ever first in his thoughts; that all things
follow from the necessity of the divine nature; so that whatsoever he
deems to be hurtful and evil; and whatsoever; accordingly; seems to him
impious; horrible; unjust; and base; assumes that appearance owing to his
own disordered; fragmentary; and confused view of the universe。 Wherefore
he strives before all things to conceive things as they really are; and
to remove the hindrances to true knowledge; such as are hatred; anger;
envy; derision; pride; and similar emotions; which I have mentioned above。
Thus he endeavours; as we said before; as far as in him lies; to do good;
and to go on his way rejoicing。 How far human virtue is capable of
attaining to such a condition; and what its powers may be; I will prove
in the following Part。
APPENDIX。
What have said in this Part concerning the right way