the ethics(part iv)-第14章
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good in the present for the sake of a greater good in the future; and
would in no wise desire that which is good in the present but a source of
evil in the future; as we shall presently show。 However; we can have but
a very inadequate knowledge of the duration of things (II:xxxi。) and the
periods of their existence (II:xliv。Note) we can only determine by
imagination; which is not so powerfully affected by the future as by the
present。 Hence such true knowledge of good and evil as we possess is
merely abstract or general; and the judgment which we pass on the order
of things and the connection of causes; with a view to determining what
is good or bad for us in the; present; is rather imaginary than real。
Therefore it is nothing wonderful; if the desire arising from such
knowledge of good and evil; in so far as it looks on into the future; be
more readily checked than the desire of things which are agreeable at the
present time。 (Cf。 IV:xvi。)
Prop。 LXIII。 He who is led by fear;
and does good in order to escape evil;
is not led by reason。
Proof。… All the emotions which are attributable to the mind as active;
or in other words to reason; are emotions of pleasure and desire (III:lix。);
therefore; he who is led by fear; and does good in order to escape evil;
is not led by reason。
Note。… Superstitions persons; who know better how to rail at vice than
how to teach virtue; and who strive not to guide men by reason; but so
to restrain them that they would rather escape evil than love virtue;
have no other aim but to make others as wretched as themselves; wherefore
it is nothing wonderful; if they be generally troublesome and odious to
their fellow…men。
Corollary。… Under desire which springs from reason; we seek good directly;
and shun evil indirectly。
Proof。… Desire which springs from reason can only spring from a pleasurable
emotion; wherein the mind is not passive (III:lix。); in other words; from
a pleasure which cannot be excessive (IV:lxi。); and not from pain;
wherefore this desire springs from the knowledge of good; not of evil
(IV:viii。); hence under the guidance of reason we seek good directly and
only by implication shun evil。 Q。E。D。
Note。… This Corollary may be illustrated by the example of a sick and a
healthy man。 The sick man through fear of death eats what he naturally
shrinks from; but the healthy man takes pleasure in his food; and thus
gets a better enjoyment out of life; than if he were in fear of death;
and desired directly to avoid it。 So a judge; who condemns a criminal
to death; not from hatred or anger but from love of the public
well…being; is guided solely by reason。
Prop。 LXIV。 The knowledge of evil is
an inadequate knowledge。
Proof。… The knowledge of evil (IV:viii。) is pain; in so far as we are
conscious thereof。 Now pain is the transition to a lesser perfection
(Def。 of the Emotions:iii。) and therefore cannot be understood through
man's nature (III:vi。;& II:vii。); therefore it is a passive state
(III。Def。ii。) which (III:iii。) depends on inadequate ideas; consequently
the knowledge thereof (II:xxix。); namely; the knowledge of evil; is
inadequate。 Q。E。D。
Corollary。… Hence it follows that; if the human mind possessed only
adequate ideas; it would form no conception of evil。
Prop。 LXV。 Under the guidance of reason we
should pursue the greater of two goods and
the lesser of two evils。
Proof。… A good which prevents our enjoyment of a greater good is in
reality an evil; for we apply the terms good and bad to things; in so
far as we compare them one with another (see preface to this Part);
therefore; evil is in reality a lesser good; hence under the guidance of
reason we seek or pursue only the greater good and the lesser evil。 Q。E。D。
Corollary。… We may; under the guidance of reason; pursue the lesser evil
as though it were the greater good; and we may shun the lesser good;
which would be the cause of the greater evil。 For the evil; which is
here called the lesser; is really good; and the lesser good is really
evil; wherefore we may seek the former and shun the latter。 Q。E。D。
Prop。 LXVI。 We may; under the guidance of
reason; seek a greater good in the future
in preference to a lesser good in the
present; and we may seek a lesser evil in
the present in preference to a greater evil
in the future。
〃Maltim praesens minus prae majori futuro。〃 (Van Vloten)。 Bruder reads: 〃Malum praesens minus; quod
causa est faturi alicujus mali。〃 The last word of the latter is an obvious misprint; and is
corrected by the Dutch translator into 〃majoris boni。〃 (Pollock; p。 268; note。)
Proof。… If the mind could have an adequate knowledge of things future;
it would be affected towards what is future in the same way as towards
what is present (IV:lxii。); wherefore; looking merely to reason; as in
this proposition we are assumed to do; there is no difference; whether
the greater good or evil be assumed as present; or assumed as future;
hence (IV:lxv。) we may seek a greater good in the future in preference
to a lesser good in the present; &c。 Q。E。D。
Corollary。… We may; under the guidance of reason; seek a lesser evil in
the present; because it is the cause of a greater good in the future;
and we may shun a lesser good in the present; because it is the cause
of a greater evil in the future。 This Corollary is related to the
foregoing Proposition as the Corollary to IV:lxv。 is related to the
said IV:lxv。
Note。… If these statements be compared with what we have pointed out
concerning the strength of the emotions in this Part up to Prop。 xviii。;
we shall readily see the difference between a man; who is led solely by
emotion or opinion; and a man; who is led by reason。 The former; whether
will or no; performs actions whereof he is utterly ignorant; the latter is
his own master and only performs such actions; as he knows are of primary
importance in life; and therefore chiefly; desires; wherefore I call the
former a slave; and the latter a free man; concerning whose disposition
and manner of life it will be well to make a few observations。
Prop。 LXVII。 A free man thinks of death
least of all things; and his wisdom is
a meditation not of death but of life。
Proof。… A free man is one who lives under the guidance of reason; who is
not led by fear (IV:lxiii。); but who directly desires that which is good
(IV:lxiii。Coroll。); in other words (IV:xxiv。); who strives to act; to live;
and to preserve his being on the basis of seeking his own true advantage;
wherefore such an one thinks of nothing less than of death; but his wisdom
is a meditation of life。 Q。E。D
Prop。 LXVIII。 If men were born free;
they would; so long as they remained free;
form no conception of good and evil。
Proof。… I call free him who is led solely by reason; he; therefore; who
is born free; and who remains free; has only adequate ideas; therefore
(IV:lxiv。Coroll。) he has no conception of evil; or consequently (good
and evil being correlative) of good。 Q。E。D。
Note。… It is evident; from IV:iv。; that the hypothesis of this Proposition
is false and inconceivable; except in so far as we look solely to the
nature of man; or rather to God; not in so far as the latter is infinite;
but only in so far as he is the cause of man's existence。
This; and other matters which we have already proved; seem to have
been signifieded by Moses in the history of the first man。 For in that
narrative no other power of God is conceived; save that whe