the ethics(part iv)-第13章
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from what was said on the subject of mercy and repentance。 I will only
add that shame; like compassion; though not a virtue; is yet good; in so
far as it shows; that the feeler of shame is really imbued with the
desire to live honourably; in the same way as suffering is good; as
showing that the injured part is not mortified。 Therefore; though a man
who feels shame is sorrowful; he is yet more perfect than he; who is
shameless; and has no desire to live honourably。
Such are the points which I undertook to remark upon concerning the
emotions of pleasure and pain; as for the desires; they are good or bad
according as they spring from good or evil emotions。 But all; in so far
as they are engendered in us by; emotions wherein the mind is passive;
are blind (as is evident from what was said in IV:xliv。Note); and would
be useless; if men could easily; be induced to live by the guidance of
reason only; as I will now briefly; show。
Prop。 LIX。 To all the actions; whereto we
are determined by emotion wherein the mind
is passive; we can be determined without
emotion by reason。
Proof。… To act rationally; is nothing else (III:iii。 and III:Def。ii。)
but to perform those actions; which follow from the necessity; of our
nature {to persist} considered in itself alone。 But pain is bad; in so
far as it diminishes or checks the power of action (IV:xli。); wherefore
we cannot by pain be determined to any action; which we should be unable
to perform under the guidance of reason。 Again; pleasure is bad only
in so far as it hinders a man's capability for action (IV:xli。; IV:xliii。);
therefore to this extent we could not be determined by; it to any action;
which we could not perform under the guidance of reason。 Lastly; pleasure;
in so far as it is good; is in harmony with reason (for it consists in the
fact that a man's capability for action is increased or aided); nor is the
mind passive therein; except in so far as a man's power of action is not
increased to the extent of affording him an adequate conception of
himself and his actions (III:iii。; &Note)。
Wherefore; if a man who is pleasurably affected be brought to such a
state of perfection; that he gains an adequate conception of himself and
his own actions; he will be equally; nay more; capable of those actions;
to which he is determined by emotion wherein the mind is passive。 But all
emotions are attributable to pleasure; to pain; or to desire (Def。 of the
Emotions:iv。 explanation); and desire (Def。 of the Emotions:i。) is nothing
else but the attempt to act; therefore; to all actions; &c。 Q。E。D。
Another Proof。… A given action is called bad; in so far as it arises
from one being affected by hatred or any evil emotion。 But no action;
considered in itself alone; is either good or bad (as we pointed out in
the preface to Pt。 IV。); one and the same action being sometimes good;
sometimes bad; wherefore to the action which is sometimes bad; or arises
from some evil emotion; we may be led by reason (IV:xix。)。 Q。E。D。
Note。… An example will put this point in a clearer light。 The action of
striking; in so far as it is considered physically; and in so far as we
merely look to the fact that a man raises his arm; clenches his fist; and
moves his whole arm violently downwards; is a virtue or excellence which
is conceived as proper to the structure of the human body。 If; then; a man;
moved by anger or hatred; is led to clench his fist or to move his arm;
this result takes place (as we showed in Pt。II。); because one and the
same action can be associated with various mental images of things;
therefore we may be determined to the performance of one and the same
action by confused ideas; or by clear and distinct ideas。 Hence it is
evident that every desire which springs from emotion; wherein the mind is
passive; would become useless; if men could be guided by reason。 Let us
now see why desire which arises from emotion; wherein the mind is passive;
is called by us blind。
Prop。 LX。 Desire arising from a pleasure
or pain; that is not attributable; to
the whole body; but only to one or certain
parts thereof; is without utility in
respect to a man as a whole。
Proof。… Let it be assumed; for instance; that A; a part of a body; is so
strengthened by some external cause; that it prevails over the remaining
parts (IV:vi。)。 This part will not endeavour to do away with its own
powers; in order that the other parts of the body may perform its office;
for this it would be necessary for it to have a force or power of doing
away with its own powers; which (III:vi。) is absurd。 The said part; and;
consequently; the mind also; will endeavour to preserve its condition。
Wherefore desire arising from a pleasure of the kind aforesaid has no
utility in reference to a man as a whole。 If it be assumed; on the other
hand; that the part; A; be checked so that the remaining parts prevail;
it may be proved in the same manner that desire arising from pain has no
utility in respect to a man as a whole。 Q。E。D。
Note。… As pleasure is generally (IV:xliv。Note) attributed to one part
of the body; we generally desire to preserve our being with out taking
into consideration our health as a whole: to which it may be added; that
the desires which have most hold over us (IV:ix。) take account of the
present and not of the future。
Prop。 LXI。 Desire which springs from
reason cannot be excessive。
Proof。… Desire (Def。 of the Emotions:i。) considered absolutely is the
actual essence of man; in so far as it is conceived as in any way
determined to a particular activity by some given modification of itself。
Hence desire; which arises from reason; that is (III:iii。); which is
engendered in us in so far as we act; is the actual essence or nature of
man; in so far as it is conceived as determined to such activities as are
adequately conceived through man's essence only (III:Def。ii。)。 Now; if
such desire could be excessive; human nature considered in itself alone
would be able to exceed itself; or would be able to do more than it can;
a manifest contradiction。 Therefore; such desire cannot be excessive。 Q。E。D。
Prop。 LXII。 In so far as the mind conceives
a thing under the dictates of reason; it is
affected equally; whether the idea be of a
thing future; past; or present。
Proof。… Whatsoever the mind conceives under the guidance of reason; it
conceives under the form of eternity or necessity (II:xliv。Coroll。ii。);
and is therefore affected with the same certitude (II:xliii。&Note)。
Wherefore; whether the thing be present; past; or future; the mind
conceives it under the same necessity and is affected with the same
certitude; and whether the idea be of something present; past; or future;
it will in all cases be equally true (II:xli。); that is; it will always
possess the same properties of an adequate idea (II:Def。iv。); therefore; in
so far as the mind conceives things under the dictates of reason; it is
affected in the same manner; whether the idea be of a thing future; past;
or present。 Q。E。D。
Note。… If we could possess an adequate knowledge of the duration of things;
and could determine by reason their periods of existence; we should
contemplate things future with the same emotion as things present; and
the mind would desire as though it were present the good which it
conceived as future; consequently it would necessarily neglect a lesser
good in the present for the sake of a greater good in the future; and
would in no wise desire that which is good in the present but a source of
evil i