wealbk05-µÚ2ÕÂ
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
manner¡¡till¡¡after¡¡the¡¡second¡¡Persian¡¡war£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of
Peloponnesus¡¡till¡¡after¡¡the¡¡Peloponnesian¡¡war¡£¡¡The
Peloponnesians£»¡¡Thucydides¡¡observes£»¡¡generally¡¡left¡¡the¡¡field¡¡in
the¡¡summer£»¡¡and¡¡returned¡¡home¡¡to¡¡reap¡¡the¡¡harvest¡£¡¡The¡¡Roman
people¡¡under¡¡their¡¡kings£»¡¡and¡¡during¡¡the¡¡first¡¡ages¡¡of¡¡the
republic£»¡¡served¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡manner¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡not¡¡till¡¡the¡¡siege¡¡of
Veii¡¡that¡¡they¡¡who¡¡stayed¡¡at¡¡home¡¡began¡¡to¡¡contribute¡¡something
towards¡¡maintaining¡¡those¡¡who¡¡went¡¡to¡¡war¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡European
monarchies£»¡¡which¡¡were¡¡founded¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡ruins¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Roman
empire£»¡¡both¡¡before¡¡and¡¡for¡¡some¡¡time¡¡after¡¡the¡¡establishment¡¡of
what¡¡is¡¡properly¡¡called¡¡the¡¡feudal¡¡law£»¡¡the¡¡great¡¡lords£»¡¡with¡¡all
their¡¡immediate¡¡dependents£»¡¡used¡¡to¡¡serve¡¡the¡¡crown¡¡at¡¡their¡¡own
expense¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡field£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡manner¡¡as¡¡at¡¡home£»¡¡they
maintained¡¡themselves¡¡by¡¡their¡¡own¡¡revenue£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡by¡¡any
stipend¡¡or¡¡pay¡¡which¡¡they¡¡received¡¡from¡¡the¡¡king¡¡upon¡¡that
particular¡¡occasion¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡a¡¡more¡¡advanced¡¡state¡¡of¡¡society£»¡¡two¡¡different¡¡causes
contribute¡¡to¡¡render¡¡it¡¡altogether¡¡impossible¡¡that¡¡they¡¡who¡¡take
the¡¡field¡¡should¡¡maintain¡¡themselves¡¡at¡¡their¡¡own¡¡expense¡£¡¡Those
two¡¡causes¡¡are£»¡¡the¡¡progress¡¡of¡¡manufactures£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡improvement
in¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡war¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Though¡¡a¡¡husbandman¡¡should¡¡be¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡an¡¡expedition£»
provided¡¡it¡¡begins¡¡after¡¡seed¡time¡¡and¡¡ends¡¡before¡¡harvest£»¡¡the
interruption¡¡of¡¡his¡¡business¡¡will¡¡not¡¡always¡¡occasion¡¡any
considerable¡¡diminution¡¡of¡¡his¡¡revenue¡£¡¡Without¡¡the¡¡intervention
of¡¡his¡¡labour£»¡¡nature¡¡does¡¡herself¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡work
which¡¡remains¡¡to¡¡be¡¡done¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡moment¡¡that¡¡an¡¡artificer£»¡¡a
smith£»¡¡a¡¡carpenter£»¡¡or¡¡a¡¡weaver£»¡¡for¡¡example£»¡¡quits¡¡his
workhouse£»¡¡the¡¡sole¡¡source¡¡of¡¡his¡¡revenue¡¡is¡¡completely¡¡dried¡¡up¡£
Nature¡¡does¡¡nothing¡¡for¡¡him£»¡¡he¡¡does¡¡all¡¡for¡¡himself¡£¡¡When¡¡he
takes¡¡the¡¡field£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡in¡¡defence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡public£»¡¡as¡¡he¡¡has
no¡¡revenue¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡himself£»¡¡he¡¡must¡¡necessarily¡¡be¡¡maintained
by¡¡the¡¡public¡£¡¡But¡¡in¡¡a¡¡country¡¡of¡¡which¡¡a¡¡great¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the
inhabitants¡¡are¡¡artificers¡¡and¡¡manufacturers£»¡¡a¡¡great¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the
people¡¡who¡¡go¡¡to¡¡war¡¡must¡¡be¡¡drawn¡¡from¡¡those¡¡classes£»¡¡and¡¡must
therefore¡¡be¡¡maintained¡¡by¡¡the¡¡public¡¡as¡¡long¡¡as¡¡they¡¡are
employed¡¡in¡¡its¡¡service¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡When¡¡the¡¡art¡¡of¡¡war£»¡¡too£»¡¡has¡¡gradually¡¡grown¡¡up¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a
very¡¡intricate¡¡and¡¡complicated¡¡science£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡event¡¡of¡¡war
ceases¡¡to¡¡be¡¡determined£»¡¡as¡¡in¡¡the¡¡first¡¡ages¡¡of¡¡society£»¡¡by¡¡a
single¡¡irregular¡¡skirmish¡¡or¡¡battle£»¡¡but¡¡when¡¡the¡¡contest¡¡is
generally¡¡spun¡¡out¡¡through¡¡several¡¡different¡¡campaigns£»¡¡each¡¡of
which¡¡lasts¡¡during¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡year£»¡¡it¡¡becomes
universally¡¡necessary¡¡that¡¡the¡¡public¡¡should¡¡maintain¡¡those¡¡who
serve¡¡the¡¡public¡¡in¡¡war£»¡¡at¡¡least¡¡while¡¡they¡¡are¡¡employed¡¡in¡¡that
service¡£¡¡Whatever¡¡in¡¡time¡¡of¡¡peace¡¡might¡¡be¡¡the¡¡ordinary
occupation¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡go¡¡to¡¡war£»¡¡so¡¡very¡¡tedious¡¡and¡¡expensive
a¡¡service¡¡would¡¡otherwise¡¡be¡¡far¡¡too¡¡heavy¡¡a¡¡burden¡¡upon¡¡them¡£
After¡¡the¡¡second¡¡Persian¡¡war£»¡¡accordingly£»¡¡the¡¡armies¡¡of¡¡Athens
seem¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡generally¡¡composed¡¡of¡¡mercenary¡¡troops£»
consisting£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡partly¡¡of¡¡citizens£»¡¡but¡¡partly¡¡too¡¡of
foreigners£»¡¡and¡¡all¡¡of¡¡them¡¡equally¡¡hired¡¡and¡¡paid¡¡at¡¡the¡¡expense
of¡¡the¡¡state¡£¡¡From¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡the¡¡siege¡¡of¡¡Veii£»¡¡the¡¡armies¡¡of
Rome¡¡received¡¡pay¡¡for¡¡their¡¡service¡¡during¡¡the¡¡time¡¡which¡¡they
remained¡¡in¡¡the¡¡field¡£¡¡Under¡¡the¡¡feudal¡¡governments¡¡the¡¡military
service¡¡both¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡lords¡¡and¡¡of¡¡their¡¡immediate¡¡dependants
was£»¡¡after¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡period£»¡¡universally¡¡exchanged¡¡for¡¡a¡¡payment
in¡¡money£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡employed¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡those¡¡who¡¡served¡¡in
their¡¡stead¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡number¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡can¡¡go¡¡to¡¡war£»¡¡in¡¡proportion¡¡to¡¡the
whole¡¡number¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people£»¡¡is¡¡necessarily¡¡much¡¡smaller¡¡in¡¡a
civilised¡¡than¡¡in¡¡a¡¡rude¡¡state¡¡of¡¡society¡£¡¡In¡¡a¡¡civilised
society£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡soldiers¡¡are¡¡maintained¡¡altogether¡¡by¡¡the¡¡labour
of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡are¡¡not¡¡soldiers£»¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡the¡¡former¡¡can¡¡never
exceed¡¡what¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡can¡¡maintain£»¡¡over¡¡and¡¡above¡¡maintaining£»
in¡¡a¡¡manner¡¡suitable¡¡to¡¡their¡¡respective¡¡stations£»¡¡both
themselves¡¡and¡¡the¡¡other¡¡officers¡¡of¡¡government¡¡and¡¡law¡¡whom¡¡they
are¡¡obliged¡¡to¡¡maintain¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡little¡¡agrarian¡¡states¡¡of¡¡ancient
Greece£»¡¡a¡¡fourth¡¡or¡¡a¡¡fifth¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡body¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people
considered¡¡themselves¡¡as¡¡soldiers£»¡¡and¡¡would¡¡sometimes£»¡¡it¡¡is
said£»¡¡take¡¡a¡¡field¡£¡¡Among¡¡the¡¡civilised¡¡nations¡¡of¡¡modern¡¡Europe£»
it¡¡is¡¡commonly¡¡computed¡¡that¡¡not¡¡more¡¡than¡¡one¡hundredth¡¡part¡¡of
the¡¡inhabitants¡¡in¡¡any¡¡country¡¡can¡¡be¡¡employed¡¡as¡¡soldiers
without¡¡ruin¡¡to¡¡the¡¡country¡¡which¡¡pays¡¡the¡¡expenses¡¡of¡¡their
service¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡expense¡¡of¡¡preparing¡¡the¡¡army¡¡for¡¡the¡¡field¡¡seems¡¡not¡¡to
have¡¡become¡¡considerable¡¡in¡¡any¡¡nation¡¡till¡¡long¡¡after¡¡that¡¡of
maintaining¡¡it¡¡in¡¡the¡¡field¡¡had¡¡devolved¡¡entirely¡¡upon¡¡the
sovereign¡¡or¡¡commonwealth¡£¡¡In¡¡all¡¡the¡¡different¡¡republics¡¡of
ancient¡¡Greece£»¡¡to¡¡learn¡¡his¡¡military¡¡exercises¡¡was¡¡a¡¡necessary
part¡¡of¡¡education¡¡imposed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡state¡¡upon¡¡every¡¡free¡¡citizen¡£
In¡¡every¡¡city¡¡there¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡a¡¡public¡¡field£»¡¡in¡¡which£»
under¡¡the¡¡protection¡¡of¡¡the¡¡public¡¡magistrate£»¡¡the¡¡young¡¡people
were¡¡taught¡¡their¡¡different¡¡exercises¡¡by¡¡different¡¡masters¡£¡¡In
this¡¡very¡¡simple¡¡institution¡¡consisted¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡expense¡¡which
any¡¡Grecian¡¡state¡¡seems¡¡ever¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡at¡¡in¡¡preparing¡¡its
citizens¡¡for¡¡war¡£¡¡In¡¡ancient¡¡Rome¡¡the¡¡exercises¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Campus
Martius¡¡answered¡¡the¡¡same¡¡purpose¡¡with¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Gymnasium¡¡in
ancient¡¡Greece¡£¡¡Under¡¡the¡¡feudal¡¡governments£»¡¡the¡¡many¡¡public
ordinances¡¡that¡¡the¡¡citizens¡¡of¡¡every¡¡district¡¡should¡¡practise
archery¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡several¡¡other¡¡military¡¡exercises¡¡were¡¡intended
for¡¡promoting¡¡the¡¡same¡¡purpose£»¡¡but¡¡do¡¡not¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡have¡¡promoted
it¡¡so¡¡well¡£¡¡Either¡¡from¡¡want¡¡of¡¡interest¡¡in¡¡the¡¡officers
entrusted¡¡with¡¡the¡¡execution¡¡of¡¡those¡¡ordinances£»¡¡or¡¡from¡¡some
other¡¡cause£»¡¡they¡¡appear¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡universally¡¡neglected£»¡¡and
in¡¡the¡¡progress¡¡of¡¡all¡¡those¡¡governments£»¡¡military¡¡exercises¡¡seem
to¡¡have¡¡gone¡¡gradually¡¡into¡¡disuse¡¡among¡¡the¡¡great¡¡body¡¡of¡¡the
people¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡republics¡¡of¡¡ancient¡¡Greece¡¡and¡¡Rome£»¡¡during¡¡the
whole¡¡period¡¡of¡¡their¡¡existence£»¡¡and¡¡under¡¡the¡¡feudal¡¡governments
for¡¡a¡¡considerable¡¡time¡¡after¡¡their¡¡first¡¡establishment£»¡¡the
trade¡¡of¡¡a¡¡soldier¡¡was¡¡not¡¡a¡¡separate£»¡¡distinct¡¡trade£»¡¡which
constituted¡¡the¡¡sole¡¡or¡¡principal¡¡occupation¡¡of¡¡a¡¡particular
class¡¡of¡¡citizens¡£¡¡Every¡¡subject¡¡of¡¡the¡¡state£»¡¡whatever¡¡might¡¡be
the¡¡ordinary¡¡trade¡¡or¡¡occupation¡¡by¡¡which¡¡he¡¡gained¡¡his
livelihood£»¡¡considered¡¡himself£»¡¡upon¡¡all¡¡ordinary¡¡occasions£»¡¡as
fit¡¡likewise¡¡to¡¡exercise¡¡the¡¡trade¡¡of¡¡a¡¡soldier£»¡¡and¡¡upon¡¡many
extraordinary¡¡occasions¡¡as¡¡bound¡¡to¡¡exercise¡¡it¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡art¡¡of¡¡war£»¡¡however£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡certainly¡¡the¡¡noblest¡¡of
all¡¡arts£»¡¡so¡¡in¡¡the¡¡progress¡¡of¡¡improvement¡¡it¡¡necessarily
becomes¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡complicated¡¡among¡¡them¡£¡¡The¡¡state¡¡of¡¡the
mechanical£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡of¡¡some¡¡other¡¡arts£»¡¡with¡¡which¡¡it¡¡is
necessarily¡¡connected£»¡¡determines¡¡the¡¡degree¡¡of¡¡perfection¡¡to
which¡¡it¡¡is¡¡capable¡¡of¡¡being¡¡carried¡¡at¡¡any¡¡particular¡¡time¡£¡¡But
in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡carry¡¡it¡¡to¡¡this¡¡degree¡¡of¡¡perfection£»¡¡it¡¡is
necessary¡¡that¡¡it¡¡should¡¡become¡¡the¡¡sole¡¡or¡¡principal¡¡occupation
of¡¡a¡¡particular¡¡class¡¡of¡¡citizens£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡division¡¡of¡¡labour¡¡is
as¡¡necessary¡¡for¡¡the¡¡improvement¡¡of¡¡this£»¡¡as¡¡of¡¡every¡¡other¡¡art¡£
Into¡¡other¡¡arts¡¡the¡¡division¡¡of¡¡labour¡¡is¡¡naturally¡¡introduced¡¡by
the¡¡prudence¡¡of¡¡individuals£»¡¡who¡¡find¡¡that¡¡they¡¡promote¡¡their
private¡¡interest¡¡better¡¡by¡¡confining¡¡themselves¡¡to¡¡a¡¡particular
trade¡¡than¡¡by¡¡exercising¡¡a¡¡great¡¡number¡£¡¡But¡¡it¡¡is¡¡the¡¡wisdom¡¡of
the¡¡state¡¡only¡¡which¡¡can¡¡render¡¡the¡¡trade¡¡of¡¡a¡¡soldier¡¡a
particular¡¡trade¡¡separate¡¡and¡¡distinct¡¡from¡¡all¡¡others¡£¡¡A¡¡private
citizen¡¡who£»¡¡in¡¡time¡¡of¡¡profound¡¡peace£»¡¡and¡¡without¡¡any
particular¡¡encouragement¡¡from¡¡the¡¡public£»¡¡should¡¡spend¡¡the
greater¡¡part¡¡of¡¡his¡¡time¡¡in¡¡military¡¡exercises£»¡¡might£»¡¡no¡¡doubt£»
both¡¡improve¡¡himself¡¡very¡¡much¡¡in¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡amuse¡¡himself¡¡very
well£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡certainly¡¡would¡¡not¡¡promote¡¡his¡¡own¡¡interest¡£¡¡It¡¡is
the¡¡wisdom¡¡of¡¡the¡¡state¡¡only¡¡which¡¡can¡¡render¡¡it¡¡for¡¡his¡¡interest
to¡¡give¡¡up¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡part¡¡of¡¡his¡¡time¡¡to¡¡this¡¡p