timaeu-第7章

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in　the　likeness　of　the　original；　but　inasmuch　as　all　animals　were

not　yet　comprehended　therein；　it　was　still　unlike。　What　remained；

the　creator　then　proceeded　to　fashion　after　the　nature　of　the　pattern。

Now　as　in　the　ideal　animal　the　mind　perceives　ideas　or　species　of　a

certain　nature　and　number；　he　thought　that　this　created　animal　ought

to　have　species　of　a　like　nature　and　number。　There　are　four　such；

one　of　them　is　the　heavenly　race　of　the　gods；　another；　the　race　of

birds　whose　way　is　in　the　air；　the　third；　the　watery　species；　and

the　fourth；　the　pedestrian　and　land　creatures。　Of　the　heavenly　and

divine；　he　created　the　greater　part　out　of　fire；　that　they　might　be

the　brightest　of　all　things　and　fairest　to　behold；　and　he　fashioned

them　after　the　likeness　of　the　universe　in　the　figure　of　a　circle；　and

made　them　follow　the　intelligent　motion　of　the　supreme；　distributing

them　over　the　whole　circumference　of　heaven；　which　was　to　be　a　true

cosmos　or　glorious　world　spangled　with　them　all　over。　And　he　gave　to

each　of　them　two　movements：　the　first；　a　movement　on　the　same　spot

after　the　same　manner；　whereby　they　ever　continue　to　think

consistently　the　same　thoughts　about　the　same　things；　the　second；　a

forward　movement；　in　which　they　are　controlled　by　the　revolution　of

the　same　and　the　like；　but　by　the　other　five　motions　they　were

unaffected；　in　order　that　each　of　them　might　attain　the　highest

perfection。　And　for　this　reason　the　fixed　stars　were　created；　to　be

divine　and　eternal　animals；　ever…abiding　and　revolving　after　the

same　manner　and　on　the　same　spot；　and　the　other　stars　which　reverse

their　motion　and　are　subject　to　deviations　of　this　kind；　were

created　in　the　manner　already　described。　The　earth；　which　is　our

nurse；　clinging　around　the　pole　which　is　extended　through　the

universe；　he　framed　to　be　the　guardian　and　artificer　of　night　and　day；

first　and　eldest　of　gods　that　are　in　the　interior　of　heaven。　Vain

would　be　the　attempt　to　tell　all　the　figures　of　them　circling　as　in

dance；　and　their　juxtapositions；　and　the　return　of　them　in　their

revolutions　upon　themselves；　and　their　approximations；　and　to　say

which　of　these　deities　in　their　conjunctions　meet；　and　which　of　them

are　in　opposition；　and　in　what　order　they　get　behind　and　before　one

another；　and　when　they　are　severally　eclipsed　to　our　sight　and　again

reappear；　sending　terrors　and　intimations　of　the　future　to　those　who

cannot　calculate　their　movements…to　attempt　to　tell　of　all　this

without　a　visible　representation　of　the　heavenly　system　would　be

labour　in　vain。　Enough　on　this　head；　and　now　let　what　we　have　said

about　the　nature　of　the　created　and　visible　gods　have　an　end。

　　To　know　or　tell　the　origin　of　the　other　divinities　is　beyond　us；　and

we　must　accept　the　traditions　of　the　men　of　old　time　who　affirm

themselves　to　be　the　offspring　of　the　gods…that　is　what　they　say…and

they　must　surely　have　known　their　own　ancestors。　How　can　we　doubt

the　word　of　the　children　of　the　gods？　Although　they　give　no　probable

or　certain　proofs；　still；　as　they　declare　that　they　are　speaking　of

what　took　place　in　their　own　family；　we　must　conform　to　custom　and

believe　them。　In　this　manner；　then；　according　to　them；　the　genealogy

of　these　gods　is　to　be　received　and　set　forth。

　　Oceanus　and　Tethys　were　the　children　of　Earth　and　Heaven；　and　from

these　sprang　Phorcys　and　Cronos　and　Rhea；　and　all　that　generation；　and

from　Cronos　and　Rhea　sprang　Zeus　and　Here；　and　all　those　who　are

said　to　be　their　brethren；　and　others　who　were　the　children　of　these。

　　Now；　when　all　of　them；　both　those　who　visibly　appear　in　their

revolutions　as　well　as　those　other　gods　who　are　of　a　more　retiring

nature；　had　come　into　being；　the　creator　of　the　universe　addressed

them　in　these　words：　〃Gods；　children　of　gods；　who　are　my　works；　and　of

whom　I　am　the　artificer　and　father；　my　creations　are　indissoluble；

if　so　I　will。　All　that　is　bound　may　be　undone；　but　only　an　evil

being　would　wish　to　undo　that　which　is　harmonious　and　happy。

Wherefore；　since　ye　are　but　creatures；　ye　are　not　altogether

immortal　and　indissoluble；　but　ye　shall　certainly　not　be　dissolved；

nor　be　liable　to　the　fate　of　death；　having　in　my　will　a　greater　and

mightier　bond　than　those　with　which　ye　were　bound　at　the　time　of

your　birth。　And　now　listen　to　my　instructions：…Three　tribes　of

mortal　beings　remain　to　be　created…without　them　the　universe　will　be

incomplete；　for　it　will　not　contain　every　kind　of　animal　which　it

ought　to　contain；　if　it　is　to　be　perfect。　On　the　other　hand；　if　they

were　created　by　me　and　received　life　at　my　hands；　they　would　be　on

an　equality　with　the　gods。　In　order　then　that　they　may　be　mortal；

and　that　this　universe　may　be　truly　universal；　do　ye；　according　to

your　natures；　betake　yourselves　to　the　formation　of　animals；　imitating

the　power　which　was　shown　by　me　in　creating　you。　The　part　of　them

worthy　of　the　name　immortal；　which　is　called　divine　and　is　the　guiding

principle　of　those　who　are　willing　to　follow　justice　and　you…of　that

divine　part　I　will　myself　sow　the　seed；　and　having　made　a　beginning；　I

will　hand　the　work　over　to　you。　And　do　ye　then　interweave　the　mortal

with　the　immortal；　and　make　and　beget　living　creatures；　and　give

them　food；　and　make　them　to　grow；　and　receive　them　again　in　death。〃

　　Thus　he　spake；　and　once　more　into　the　cup　in　which　he　had　previously

mingled　the　soul　of　the　universe　he　poured　the　remains　of　the

elements；　and　mingled　them　in　much　the　same　manner；　they　were　not；

however；　pure　as　before；　but　diluted　to　the　second　and　third　degree。

And　having　made　it　he　divided　the　whole　mixture　into　souls　equal　in

number　to　the　stars；　and　assigned　each　soul　to　a　star；　and　having

there　placed　them　as　in　a　chariot；　he　showed　them　the　nature　of　the

universe；　and　declared　to　them　the　laws　of　destiny；　according　to　which

their　first　birth　would　be　one　and　the　same　for　all；…no　one　should

suffer　a　disadvantage　at　his　hands；　they　were　to　be　sown　in　the

instruments　of　time　severally　adapted　to　them；　and　to　come　forth　the

most　religious　of　animals；　and　as　human　nature　was　of　two　kinds；　the

superior　race　would　here　after　be　called　man。　Now；　when　they　should　be

implanted　in　bodies　by　necessity；　and　be　always　gaining　or　losing　some

part　of　their　bodily　substance；　then　in　the　first　place　it　would　be

necessary　that　they　should　all　have　in　them　one　and　the　same　faculty

of　sensation；　arising　out　of　irresistible　impressions；　in　the　second

place；　they　must　have　love；　in　which　pleasure　and　pain　mingle；　also

fear　and　anger；　and　the　feelings　which　are　akin　or　opposite　to　them；

if　they　conquered　these　they　would　live　righteously；　and　if　they

were　conquered　by　them；　unrighteously。　He　who　lived　well　during　his

appointed　time　was　to　return　and　dwell　in　his　native　star；　and　there

he　would　have　a　blessed　and　congenial　existence。　But　if　he　failed　in

attaining　this；　at　the　second　birth　he　would　pass　into　a　woman；　and

if；　when　in　that　state　of　being；　he　did　not　desist　from　evil；　he　would

continually　be　changed　into　some　brute　who　resembled　him　in　the　evil

nature　which　he　had　acquired；　and　would　not　cease　from　his　toils　and

transformations　until　he　followed　the　revolution　of　the　same　and　the

like　within　him；　and　overcame　by　the　help　of　reason　the　turbulent

and　irrational　mob　of　later　accretions；　made　up　of　fire　and　air　and

water　and　earth；　and　returned　to　the　form　of　his　first　and　better

state。　Having　given　all　these　laws　to　his　creatures；　that　he　might

be　guiltless　of　future　evil　in　any　of　them；　the　creator　sowed　some

of　them　in　the　earth；　and　some　in　the　moon；　and　some　in　the　other

instruments　of　time；　and　when　he　had　sown　them　he　committed　to　the

younger　gods　the　fashioning　of　their　mortal　bodies；　and　desired　them

to　furnish　what　was　still　lacking　to　the　human　soul；　and　having　made

all　the　suitable　additions；　to　rule　over　them；　and　to　pilot　the　mortal

animal　in　the　best　and　wisest　manner　which　they　could；　and　avert

from　him　all　but　self…inflicted　evils。

　　When　the　creator　had　made　all　these　ordinances　he　remained　in　his

own　accustomed　natu