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 the angle of the shadow which his perpendicular gnomon at Alexandria cast at mid…day on the day of the solstice; when; as already noted; the sun was directly perpendicular at Syene。 Now a glance at the diagram will make it clear that the measurement of this angle of the shadow is merely a convenient means of determining the precisely equal opposite angle subtending an arc of an imaginary circle passing through the sun; the are which; as already explained; corresponds with the arc of the earth's surface represented by the distance between Alexandria and Syene。 He found this angle to represent 7 degrees 12'; or one…fiftieth of the circle。 Five thousand stadia; then; represent one…fiftieth of the earth's circumference; the entire circumference being; therefore; 250;000 stadia。 Unfortunately; we do not know which one of the various measurements used in antiquity is represented by the stadia of Eratosthenes。 According to the researches of Lepsius; however; the stadium in question represented 180 meters; and this would make the earth; according to the measurement of Eratosthenes; about twenty…eight thousand miles in circumference; an answer sufficiently exact to justify the wonder which the experiment excited in antiquity; and the admiration with which it has ever since been regarded。 {illustration caption =  DIAGRAM TO ILLUSTRATE ERATOSTHENES' MEASUREMENT OF THE GLOBE FIG。 1。 AF is a gnomon at Alexandria; SB a gnomon at Svene; IS and JK represent the sun's rays。 The angle actually measured by Eratosthenes is KFA; as determined by the shadow cast by the gnomon AF。 This angle is equal to the opposite angle JFL; which measures the sun's distance from the zenith; and which is also equal to the angle AESto determine the Size of which is the real object of the entire measurement。 FIG。 2 shows the form of the gnomon actually employed in antiquity。 The hemisphere KA being marked with a scale; it is obvious that in actual practice Eratosthenes required only to set his gnomon in the sunlight at the proper moment; and read off the answer to his problem at a glance。 The simplicity of the method makes the result seem all the more wonderful。} Of course it is the method; and not its details or its exact results; that excites our interest。 And beyond question the method was an admirable one。 Its result; however; could not have been absolutely accurate; because; while correct in principle; its data were defective。 In point of fact Syene did not lie precisely on the same meridian as Alexandria; neither did it lie exactly on the tropic。 Here; then; are two elements of inaccuracy。 Moreover; it is doubtful whether Eratosthenes made allowance; as he should have done; for the semi…diameter of the sun in measuring the angle of the shadow。 But these are mere details; scarcely worthy of mention from our present stand…point。 What perhaps is deserving of more attention is the fact that this epoch…making measurement of Eratosthenes may not have been the first one to be made。 A passage of Aristotle records that the size of the earth was said to be 400;000 stadia。 Some commentators have thought that Aristotle merely referred to the area of the inhabited portion of the earth and not to the circumference of the earth itself; but his words seem doubtfully susceptible of this interpretation; and if he meant; as his words seem to imply; that philosophers of his day had a tolerably precise idea of the globe; we must assume that this idea was based upon some sort of measurement。 The recorded size; 400;000 stadia; is a sufficient approximation to the truth to suggest something more than a mere unsupported guess。 Now; since Aristotle died more than fifty years before Eratosthenes was born; his report as to the alleged size of the earth certainly has a suggestiveness that cannot be overlooked; but it arouses speculations without giving an inkling as to their solution。 If Eratosthenes had a precursor as an earth…measurer; no hint or rumor has come down to us that would enable us to guess who that precursor may have been。 His personality is as deeply enveloped in the mists of the past as are the personalities of the great prehistoric discoverers。 For the purpose of the historian; Eratosthenes must stand as the inventor of the method with which his name is associated; and as the first man of whom we can say with certainty that he measured the size of the earth。 Right worthily; then; had the Alexandrian philosopher won his proud title of 〃surveyor of the world。〃

HIPPARCHUS; 〃THE LOVER OF TRUTH〃 Eratosthenes outlived most of his great contemporaries。 He saw the turning of that first and greatest century of Alexandrian science; the third century before our era。 He died in the year 196 B。C。; having; it is said; starved himself to death to escape the miseries of blindness;to the measurer of shadows; life without light seemed not worth the living。 Eratosthenes left no immediate successor。 A generation later; however; another great figure appeared in the astronomical world in the person of Hipparchus; a man who; as a technical observer; had perhaps no peer in the ancient world: one who set so high a value upon accuracy of observation as to earn the title of 〃the lover of truth。〃 Hipparchus was born at Nicaea; in Bithynia; in the year 160 B。C。 His life; all too short for the interests of science; ended in the year 125 B。C。 The observations of the great astronomer were made chiefly; perhaps entirely; at Rhodes。 A misinterpretation of Ptolemy's writings led to the idea that Hipparchus; performed his chief labors in Alexandria; but it is now admitted that there is no evidence for this。 Delambre doubted; and most subsequent writers follow him here; whether Hipparchus ever so much as visited Alexandria。 In any event there seems to be no question that Rhodes may claim the honor of being the chief site of his activities。 It was Hipparchus whose somewhat equivocal comment on the work of Eratosthenes we have already noted。 No counter…charge in kind could be made against the critic himself; he was an astronomer pure and simple。 His gift was the gift of accurate observation rather than the gift of imagination。 No scientific progress is possible without scientific guessing; but Hipparchus belonged to that class of observers with whom hypothesis is held rigidly subservient to fact。 It was not to be expected that his mind would be attracted by the heliocentric theory of Aristarchus。 He used the facts and observations gathered by his great predecessor of Samos; but he declined to accept his theories。 For him the world was central; his problem was to explain; if he could; the irregularities of motion which sun; moon; and planets showed in their seeming circuits about the earth。 Hipparchus had the gnomon of Eratosthenesdoubtless in a perfected formto aid him; and he soon proved himself a master in its use。 For him; as we have said; accuracy was everything; this was the one element that led to all his great successes。 Perhaps his greatest feat was to demonstrate the eccentricity of the sun's seeming orbit。 We of to…day; thanks to Keppler and his followers; know that the earth and the other planetary bodies in their circuit about the sun describe an ellipse and not a circle。 But in the day of Hipparchus; though the ellipse was recognized as a geometrical figure (it had been described and named along with the parabola and hyperbola by Apollonius of Perga; the pupil of Euclid); yet it would have been the rankest heresy to suggest an elliptical course for any heavenly body。 A metaphysical theory; as propounded perhaps by the Pythagoreans but ardently supported by Aristotle; declared that the circle is the perfect figure; and pronounced it inconceivable that the motions of the spheres should be other than circular。 This thought dominated the mind of Hipparchus; and so when his careful measurements led him to the discovery that the northward and southward journeyings of the sun did not divide the year into four equal parts; there was nothing open to him but to either assume that the earth does not lie precisely at the centre of the sun's circular orbit or to find some alternative hypothesis。 In point of fact; the sun (reversing the point of view in accordance with modern discoveries) does lie at one focus of t

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